Vitamins

·        Vitamin A – maintains health of epithelial tissue/skin, important for gene transcription, re-synthesis of rhodopsin

·        Vitamin D – increases blood calcium level by increasing Ca2+ absorption, important for gene transcription

·        Vitamin E – halts lipid peroxidation

·        Vitamin K – carboxylates glutamate (in clotting factors) which allows calcium to bind, bone health through the protein osteocalcin

·        Vitamin C – allows collagen strands to bind, part of carnitine + serotonin + norepinephrine synthesis, needed for regeneration of vitamin E and niacin

·        B vitamins:

-        Thiamin – as TPP is a part of dehydrogenase enzymes

-        Riboflavin – part of FADH2 and FMN, donates electrons at complex II in ETC

-        Niacin – donated electrons at complex I in ETC, needed for re-synthesis of glutathione (antioxidant)

-        Pantothenic acid (B5) – part of CoA

-        B6 – reduces homocysteine levels, coenzyme for transamination reactions

-        Biotin (B7) – part of carboxylase enzymes

-        Folate (B9) – reduces homocysteine levels, nucleotide synthesis

-        B12 (cobalamin) – reduce homocysteine levels, part of myelin sheath of neurons

-        Choline (part of B4) – part of acetylcholine, part of phosphatidylcholine in membranes and lipoprotein

• Niacin (B3) – essential for the synthesis of NAD and NADP, which are crucial for energy metabolism