BIO 14 - 3RD LE - 1 - FUNGAL DIVERSITY

Fungi

_____________ are essential players in ecosystems, industry, and evolution. This module introduces their structural features, nutritional strategies, life cycles, classification, and ecological roles

• multicellular

  

• Hyphae

• Mycelium

Structural Diversity

• Unicellular yeasts → ____________ networks

• Adaptations to diverse ecological niches

• ___________ as the basic structural unit

• ___________ as absorptive network

hyphae (singular hypha); mycelium (plural mycelia)

For filamentous and thalloid representatives, individual filaments are called __________________ with several branches forming a network termed as ____________________

• Septate

• Coenocytic

• ______________: hyphae with cross-walls, compartmentalization

• ______________: hyphae with continuous cytoplasm, rapid flow

Absorptive Heterotrophy

• exoenzymes

  • Saprotrophs

  • Symbionts

  • Parasites

Nutrition: ________________________

• External digestion via _______________

• Three nutritional modes:

  • ______________

  • ______________

  • ______________

SAPROTROPHS

______________- decomposers of dead organic matter

• Dead Man's Fingers - Ascomycota - Xylaria sp.

• Cup-shaped fungi - Ascomycota - 𝘛𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘶𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘢 sp

• Carbon balls - Ascomycota - Daldinia sp.

List down all the given examples of SAPROTROPHS.

• Common name - Phylum - Scientific name

• Common name - Phylum - Scientific name

• Common name - Phylum - Scientific name

SYMBIONTS; mycorrhizae

_______________ - partners in mutualistic relationships (e.g., ____________, ______________)

Parasite

_______________ - organisms that extract nutrients from living hosts

BIOTROPHS

_____________ - fungi which develop in living host tissue and cause symptoms of disease

biotrophs; Ustilago maydis

______________ - parasites obtaining nutrients from living hosts without killing them

• For example: Corn smut on a corn (Zea mays) ear caused by _________________

NECROTROPHS

________________ - fungi which actively kill host cells and live in dead tissue

necrotrophs

• Ascomycota - Cordyceps

________________ - parasites obtaining nutrients from living hosts, eventually killing them. For example:

• Phylum - Genus

1. Plasmogamy

2. Karyogamy

3. Meiosis

Fungal life cycles are dominated by the haploid (n) stage

1. _____________ → cytoplasm fuses → dikaryotic (n+ n)

2. _____________ → nuclei fuse → diploid (2n)

3. _____________ → spores → haploid (n)

What is the difference between -mycota and -mycetes?

• Opisthosporidia,

• Chytridiomycota,

• Neocallimastigomycota,

• Blastocladiomycota,

• Zoopagomycota,

• Mucoromycota,

• Glomeromycota,

• Ascomycota, and

• Basidiomycota

What are all the 9 Phyla [Naranjo-Ortiz and Gabaldon (2019)] of Fungi?

• O___________________

• C___________________

• N___________________

• B___________________

• Z___________________

• M___________________

• G___________________

• A___________________

• B___________________

Chytridiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

distinct in having flagellated motile cells—a characteristic not found in other fungi

Chytridiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

mostly water molds found in freshwater

unicellular

most chytrids are ______________

Chytridiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

some are parasitic to other water molds, algae, or plants while others feed on detritus

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

"Amphibian chytrid lifecycle. B_______________m d___________s. Panama."

Mucromycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

includes some members of the now-defunct phylum Zygomycota, e.g. common bread mold (Rhizopus)

Mucromycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

most are saprobes while others are parasites or symbionts

Mucromycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

their hyphae have no septa

Mucromycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

they form thick-walled zygospore after karyogamy

Mucromycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

zygospore often becomes dormant for months before germinating

Mucromycota

Rhizopus oligosporus; R. oryzae

Which Fungal Phyla?

Tempeh is a traditional Javanese food made from fermented soybeans.

During fermentation, ___________________ or ______________ binds the soybeans into a firm cake, serving as the tempeh starter.

Zygomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

glomeromycetes, are also formerly placed in ______________

Mucromycota and Glomeromycota

What are the two fungal phyla who’s members used to be placed in Zygomycota?

Glomeromycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

do not produce zygospore or any sexual structure

Glomeromycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

almost all are obligate symbionts of land plants = arbuscular mycorrhiza

Glomeromycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

similar to Mucoromycota, the mycelia lack septa

Ascomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

the largest fungal phylum

Ascomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

ascus, the sexual structure containing spores are the defining feature

Saccharomyces; Cookeina

ascomycetes, range from unicellular yeasts (e.g., ________________) to thalloid cup fungi (e.g., ______________)

Ascomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

They range from unicellular yeasts (e.g., Saccharomyces) to thalloid cup fungi (e.g., Cookeina)

Basidiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

second largest group of fungi

Basidiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

range from unicellular (e.g., Cryptococcus, a genus of yeasts) to multicellular (e.g.,mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, etc.)

Cryptococcus;

mushrooms; puffballs; stinkhorns

Basidiomycota, range from unicellular (e.g., _______________, a genus of yeasts) to multicellular (e.g., ______________, ___________, ______________, etc.)

Basidiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

except for the unicellular representatives, they have bodies composed of hyphae and sexually reproduce through club-shaped cells called basidia

Basidiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

Cyathus

Basidiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

Phallus indusiatus

Dikarya

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota form the ____________

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Which Fungal Phyla?

Their shared feature is the prolonged dikaryotic stage, which supports complex multicellular structures

1. Ecological Engineers

2. Symbiotic Innovators

3. Industrial & Medical Workhorses

Ecological Importance

1. _______________________

2. _______________________

3. _______________________

• lignin; cellulose

Ecological Importance of Fungi - Ecological Engineers

• Decomposition of __________, ___________

• Nutrient recycling

• Ecosystem stability

• Mycorrhizae

• Lichens

Ecological Importance of Fungi - Ecological Engineers

• ____________: 10–100× nutrient uptake

• ____________: soil formation, colonization of bare rock

• Fermentation

• Antibiotics

  • Applications of fungi in medical sciences include the use of antibiotics such as penicillin, which is derived from Penicillium

Ecological Importance of Fungi - Industrial & Medical Workhorses

• _____________: bread, beer, wine

• _____________: penicillin

• Enzymes for detergents, food processing, biotech