Review of History Within Civilizations

These flashcards cover key concepts and terms related to historical events, religions, and social systems discussed in the lecture.

Global Tapestry

The interconnected history and cultures that emerged after the collapse of classical civilizations.

Long-distance trade

Trade that occurs over significant distances between regions or countries.

Religious Mysticism

A focus within religions on mystical experiences that bring adherents closer to the divine.

Buddhism

A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama that emphasizes the Four Noble Truths and the path to liberation from suffering.

Four Noble Truths

The four foundational principles of Buddhism; (1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering caused by desire, (3) can be freed of desire, (4) the path to freedom.

Theravada Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism emphasizing meditation and simplicity, focusing on individual enlightenment.

Mahayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism that contains rituals and offers spiritual comfort, allowing a broader appeal.

Christianity

A monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, emphasizing faith, compassion, and forgiveness.

Confucianism

A system of thought established by Confucius in China that focuses on social harmony and moral conduct.

Hinduism

An ancient religion from India centered around the belief in Brahma and a cycle of reincarnation.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Muhammad, which emphasizes submission to Allah and follows the Qur'an.

The Five Pillars of Islam

The fundamental acts of worship in Islam including confession of faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage.

Judaism

The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, with a focus on the covenant relationship with God and adherence to the laws in the Torah.

European Feudalism

A hierarchical system of land ownership and duties, prevalent in medieval Europe.

Emergence of Nation-States

The process during the late Middle Ages in which political units based on cultural and linguistic identities began to form.

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for its advancements in technology, culture, and governance, particularly during its golden age.

Ming Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty marked by a restoration of Han Chinese rule and expansion of maritime explorations.

Great Zimbabwe

An influential trading empire in Africa that flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries.

Hanseatic League

A trade alliance of cities in northern Europe that facilitated economic cooperation and development.

Crusades

Religious military campaigns initiated by Christian states to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Scientific Revolution

A period of significant advancement in scientific thought and methodology, challenging traditional beliefs about the natural world.

Buddhism

A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama that emphasizes the Four Noble Truths and meditation as a path to enlightenment.

Four Noble Truths

The core tenets of Buddhism that outline the nature of suffering and the path to overcoming it.

Christianity

A monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, emphasizing salvation through faith.

Confucianism

A philosophical system founded by Confucius focusing on social order and ethics through structured rela-tionships.

Hinduism

A major world religion originating in India, characterized by belief in Brahma and the concept of dharma.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Muhammad, centered on the belief in Allah and the Five Pillars.

Judaism

One of the oldest monotheistic religions centered on the belief in one God and the laws outlined in the Hebrew Bible.

Feudalism

A hierarchical social system in Medieval Europe where land was held by nobles in exchange for military service.

Mamluks

A political and military class in Egypt that notably defeated the Mongols at Nazareth.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route connecting the East and West, facilitating cultural, commercial, and technological exchanges.

Commercial Revolution

A period of economic expansion and trade in Europe that coincided with the Age of Exploration.

Columbian Exchange

The transatlantic transfer of goods, animals, plants, and ideas between Europe and the Americas.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in Europe emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that transformed economies from agrarian to industrial processes.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa that lasted until the early 1990s.

Cold War

The geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and Western powers, particularly the United States, from 1947 to 1991.

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, particularly in economics and culture.

Cultural diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.

Neo-Confucianism

A revival of Confucian philosophy influenced by Buddhism and Taoism, emphasizing moral integrity and social harmony.