Exam Preparation Packet for Chemistry-Honors CHEM Spring EXAM SMARTSHEET

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards for Chemistry-Honors spring exam preparation, covering chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and solutions.

Chemical reaction

when bonds in reactants are rearranged to create products.

Chemical equation

balanced statement showing how atoms rearrange in a reaction.

Coefficient

a number in FRONT of a chemical formula.

Reactants

substances that enter a reaction–found on the left side.

Products

substances that leave a reaction–found on the right side.

Precipitate

cloudy, insoluble solid formed during a chemical reaction.

Aqueous

dissolved in water–abbreviation is $(aq)$.

Exothermic reaction

releases heat to the surroundings.

Endothermic reaction

absorbs heat from the surroundings.

Hydrocarbon

made of only hydrogen and carbon–abbreviated with $C_xH_y$.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Atoms do not change in a reaction; they just rearrange.

Diatomic element

two atoms of the same element bonded together.

Synthesis

combines two or more elements to form a new compound.

Decomposition

breaks down a single compound into simpler components.

Single replacement

replacing one element in a compound with another.

Double replacement

exchange of cations between two ionic compounds.

Combustion

hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce $CO_2$ & $H_2O$.

Mole

a unit of measure for an amount of a substance.

Avogadro’s number

$6.02 \times 10^{23}$, atoms in $12.0\,g$ of carbon-12.

Molar mass

the mass of one mole of a substance.

Molar volume

volume one mole of gas occupies at STP.

Stoichiometry

quantitative relationships between reactants and products in balanced reactions.

Mixture

combination of substances separated using physical means.

Composition

the kinds and number of atoms present within substances.

Heterogeneous mixture

Non-uniform composition; different parts are visibly distinguishable.

Homogeneous mixture

Uniform composition; components are evenly mixed throughout.

Solute

Smaller part of solution–dissolves into solvent.

Solvent

Larger part of solution–dissolves the solute.

Solution

Homogeneous mixture of solute plus solvent.

Concentration

how much solute is dissolved in specific amount of solvent.

Molarity

moles of solute per Liter of solution.

Hypertonic

Higher solute concentration compared to another solution.

Hypotonic

Lower solute concentration compared to another solution.

Isotonic

Same or equal solute concentrations in two compared solutions.

Soluble

Able to dissolve in a specific solvent.

Insoluble

Unable to dissolve in a specific solvent.

Miscible

Liquids that dissolve completely in any proportion.

Immiscible

When 2 liquids mix but then separate.

Saturated

Solution holding maximum solute for a given temperature.

Unsaturated

Solution holding less than maximum solute for given temperatures.

Supersaturated

Solution holding more than maximum solute for given temperatures.

Electrolytes

Substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

Solvation

solvent molecules surround and interact with solute.

Diffusion

Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration.

Semi-permeable

lets small water molecules pass but not larger solute.

Dilution

Decreases concentration by adding more solvent.

Universal solvent

water.

Tinctures

soluble in alcohol and can dissolve nonpolar compounds.