exam 3 review

Use of 'and' or '&'

Use '&' for parenthetical citations and 'and' for narrative citations when two authors are mentioned.

et al.

Used when citing three or more authors, includes the first author’s last name followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'.

APA Style Paper Sections

Includes Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, References, and Tables and Figures.

Tense when describing published studies

Use past tense for describing published research.

Tense for future events

Use future tense for proposing future research activities.

Passive Voice

A sentence structure where the subject is omitted, e.g., 'Mistakes were made.'

Active Voice

A sentence structure that includes the subject, e.g., 'I made a mistake.'

Descriptive Research Question

Asks about the frequency of or relationship between behaviors.

Predictive Research Question

Asks if one behavior can be predicted from another behavior.

Causal Research Question

Asks what causes specific behaviors to occur.

PsycTESTS

A source for standardized questionnaires used in research.

Closed-ended Questions

Questions that offer specific response options, e.g., 'How many cups of coffee do you drink per day?'

Open-ended Questions

Questions that allow for more expansive data collection, harder to code.

Double-barreled questions

Questions that combine two inquiries into one, complicating responses.

Factor Analysis

A statistical method used to reduce a large number of variables into smaller sets of factors.

Coverage Error

Occurs when the sample does not represent the entire population.

Criterion-related Validity

A measure of whether a survey is significantly related to other behaviors or measures.

Social Desirability Bias

When respondents answer in a way that they think is more favorable or desirable.

Test-Retest Reliability

Indicates that scores from a test are consistent over time.

Predictor Variable

The variable that is used for prediction in research.

Outcome Variable

The variable being predicted in a study.

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable manipulated by experimenters in an experiment.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is expected to change as a result of manipulating the IV.

Quasi-Experiments

Studies where the independent variable cannot be manipulated, often involving pre-existing groups.

Correlational Studies

Research that examines the relationships and connections between different behaviors or variables.