exam 3 review

 Chap 8: Reporting Research

• Use of 'and' or '&':  if two authors separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation

• Use of 'et al!': If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” meaning “and others.”.

• Quotes (if used)–include the page number of the quote(s) as mentioned in the article

• Sections of an APA Style Paper:

-Title Page

-Abstract

-Introduction

-Methods

-Participants, Design (if needed), Materials, and

Procedure

-Results

-Discussion

-References

-Tables and Figures

Use past tense while describing published studies

 e.g., “We randomly assigned participants to condition.”

• Use future tense when describing events that you propose to do

e.g., “We will randomly assign participants to conditions.”

• Minimal use of passive voice (no subject included in the sentence)

Passive Voice: “Mistakes were made.”

Active Voice: “I made a mistake.”



Chapter 10: More about Survey Research

• Research questions can be: 

Descriptive—asks about the frequency of or relationship between behaviors

Predictive—asks if one behavior can be predicted from another

Causal—asks what causes specific behaviors to occur

• PsycTESTS: a source for standardized questionnaires 

• Closed-ended: Most commonly used

• Example: How many cups of coffee do you drink?

per day?  0 1-2 3-4 5 or more

• Open-ended: More expansive data,  Harder to code

• Example: How many cups of coffee do you drink?

per day? 

• Avoid double-barreled questions (two questions together)

Eg. Agree or disagree? The onboarding was easy to understand and

very comprehensive

• Factor analysis is often used to reduce a large number of variables into a smaller set of factors without losing significant information.

• Coverage error occurs when the sample doesn’t represent the entire population

Example: Important people/groups were never given a chance to complete the survey

• Criterion-related validity: Is the survey significantly related to other related behaviors or measures? Example: SAT --> College GPA

• Social desirability bias: Respondents answer in a manner that appears favorable or desirable

• Test-Retest Reliability: Imply consistent scores over time

Chapter 11: More about Correlations

• Correlation does not necessarily equal causation

Designed to address descriptive (describes) and predictive (predicts)  research questions

• The variable used for prediction is called the predictor variable

• The variable being predicted is called the outcome variable

  • Experiments: Vary one factor (IV) while holding all other factors constant and observe differences in DV

    IV: Manipulated by experimenters

    DV: What we think will be affected by manipulating IV

  • Quasi-Experiments: Used when an independent variable cannot be manipulated Examples: gender, occupation, spanking, personality traits, Random assignment of participants missing, In terms of causation, the same as correlational design. Comparison based on a grouping that already exists

  • Correlational Studies: Determines if different behaviors are connected and occur together, Allowing researchers to Examine relationships between variables (Direction and Strength)