Anatomy UNIT ONE

Anatomy Chapter One, four, Five

Anatomy is

the study of the FORM of living things

Gross anatomy is

Science of macroscopic anatomy; studying large body structures visible with the naked eye.

Surface anatomy is

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Regional anatomy is

Considering the regions of the body such as head and the extremities and all the systems in the particular region

Systemic anatomy is

Gives attention to all the structures of a particular system in the body regardless of location

Microscopic anatomy is

Concerned with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Cytology is

Study of cells, their components, and their functions

Histology is

Study of tissues and their functions

Physiology is

The study of the FUNCTION of the parts that make up living things.

Chemical level is

The least complex level; composed of atoms, the smallest stable units of matter arranged to form molecules and compounds that possess specific functional properties and unique three dimensional shapes. EXAMPLES: Water Molecules, Glucose, Proteins, etc.

Cellular Level is

Interactions between molecules and compounds form the organelles of cell. CELLS are the structural building block of all plants and animals, can be produced only from pre-existing cells, and are the smallest units capable performing all vital life functions. EXAMPLES of CELLS: Muscle cells, Blood cells, Nerve Cells.

Tissue level is

Specialized groups of CELS and cell products that work together to perform one or more specific functions. EXAMPLE: Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue, Connective tissue, and Epithelial tissue.

Organ level is

Consisting of two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions. The type of tissues that compose the organ dictates the function of the organ. EXAMPLE: Heart, Lungs, Stomach.

Organ System level is

Organs interact to form organ systems. Organs and the organ systems they compose perform vital life functions of the body. You need to be able to name the 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS, identify the basic organs that form each organ system, and give major functions of each organ system.

Organ System LEVELS:

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Respiratory System

Nervous System

Circulatory System

Lymphatic/Immune System

Endocrine System

Urinary System

Digestive System

Reproductive System

Integumentary System

Composed of skin, hair, and nails; EXTERNAL support and PROTECTION of the body and temperature regulation.

Skeletal System

Composed of bones; internal support and flexible framework for body movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.

Muscular System

Composed of muscles attached to the skeleton; locomotion, support, and body heat production.

Respiratory System

Composed of the lungs, trachea, larynx and nasal passages; change of respiratory gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the air and circulating blood.

Nervous System

Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves; directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.

Circulatory System

Composed of heart and blood vessels; internal transport of nutrients and oxygen to body cells while wastes and carbon dioxide are transported away from the body cells

Lymphatic/Immune System

Composed of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, and tonsils; houses the immune system cells of the body, provides protection against infection and disease, transports tissue fluid (called lymph) and absorbs fats.

Endocrine System

Composed of hormone secreting glands such as the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal, etc; secretion of hormones that direct long term changes in the activities of other organ systems

Urinary System

Composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; filters the blood to remove nitrogenous wastes, eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products, and controls pH and electrolyte balance.

Digestive System

Composed of the salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and gallbladder. Intake, breakdown, and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water and the elimination of feces.

Reproductive System

Composed of ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in female AND the testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and penis in the male; production of sperm and egg as well as secretion of sex hormones and copulation.

Organism is

A living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life. In multicellular organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism. The organic, level is the most complex level of organization.

Biology is

The study of life.

Oxygen

1. Our primary atmospheric gas essential for human survival

2. Brain cells require lots of energy and therefore require lots of oxygen to perform

3. Without oxygen brain damage can occur within 5 minutes and death will follow within 10 min of oxygen deprivation.

Nutrients

1. Essential nutrients for humans consist of:

a. organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides, vitamins)

b. inorganic compounds (water and minerals).

2. Nutrients the human body needs a large supply of are called macronutrients, in contrast to micronutrients that the body needs very small amounts of.

Narrow Range of Temperature

Hyperthermia- if body is overheated for prolonged period of time it can lead to heat stroke and death. Sweating helps cool the body down using evaporation.

Hypothermia- if the body is to cold it can lead to shock and death. Shivering helps generate heat within the body.

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure- the force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance. We can withstand a certain range in pressures exerted on the human body via the gasses in the atmosphere or the diving in the ocean.

Homeostasis is

a state of equilibrium or balance.

Homeostasis action

Maintaining a “steady state,” vital to an organisms survival, set points = blood pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 but set point is 7.40

Homeostatic regulation

Involves feedback mechanisms that consist of three components

Receptor

Detects changes in either the internal or external environment, or stimulus

Control center

receives and process the information supplies by the receptor and sends out commands.

Effector

Responds to the commands by opposing the stimulus

Negative feedback mechanisms

Provide stability

1. Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus

2. Helps to stabilize situation; essential for maintaining homeostasis

3. Examples: body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate and depth, and blood glucose levels.

Positive feedback mechanisms

Accelerate a process to completion

1. Intensify or enhance of original stimuli

2. Amplify and reinforce a change brought on by the stimulus; not typically used for homeostasis.

3. Examples blow clotting and labor contractions

Arter

Artery

a (anatomical terminology)

without

aer

air

-algia

pain

artho

joint

auto

self

bio-

life

-blast

germ; immature

bronch-

windpipe; airway

cardi-,cardio-,cardia

heart

cerebra-

brainec

cervic

neck

chondro

cartilage

cranio

skull

cyt-,cyto-

a hollow cell

derm-

skin

-ectomy

excision

end-, endo-

within

epi-

on

ex-

out of, away from

gastro-

stomach

hemo-

blood

hemi-

one-half

histo-

tissue

homo-

same

hetero

different

hyper-

above; more than

hypo-