ethical hacking chapt2

TCP/IP protocol stack

The four layers are Application, Transport, Internet, and Network layers.

IP addressing

A system used to assign unique numerical addresses to devices in a network for communication.

Three numbering systems in TCP/IP

Binary, octal, and hexadecimal.

ACK

Acknowledgment (ACK) is a message sent to confirm the receipt of data in TCP communication.

Connection-oriented protocol

A type of communication where a connection is established before data transmission (e.g., TCP).

Connectionless

A communication method that does not establish a connection before sending data (e.g., UDP).

Initial sequence number (ISN)

A randomly generated number used to initiate a TCP connection and prevent attacks.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

An organization responsible for global IP address allocation and protocol assignments.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

A network protocol used for diagnostic and error-reporting purposes (e.g., ping command).

Network session hijacking

An attack where a hacker takes control of an active network session between two devices.

Port in networking

A logical endpoint used for communication between applications over a network.

Protocol

A set of rules that define how data is transmitted and received over a network.

SYN

A synchronization packet used to initiate a TCP connection.

SYN-ACK

A packet sent in response to a SYN request, acknowledging the connection request.

TCP flag

A control bit in a TCP header used to manage connections and data flow (e.g., SYN, ACK, FIN).

Three-way handshake

The process used to establish a TCP connection: SYN → SYN-ACK → ACK.

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the fundamental suite of networking protocols used for internet communication.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A connectionless, faster but less reliable transport protocol compared to TCP.