ethical hacking chapt2

Chapter Objectives

❓ What are the four layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack?
✅ Application, Transport, Internet, and Network layers.

❓ What is IP addressing?
✅ A system used to assign unique numerical addresses to devices in a network for communication.

❓ What are the three numbering systems commonly used in TCP/IP?
✅ Binary, octal, and hexadecimal.

❓ What skills will students learn in this chapter?
✅ Understanding the TCP/IP protocol stack, IP addressing concepts, and converting between binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbering systems.

Key Terms

❓ What is ACK?
✅ Acknowledgment (ACK) is a message sent to confirm the receipt of data in TCP communication.

❓ What is a connection-oriented protocol?
✅ A type of communication where a connection is established before data transmission (e.g., TCP).

❓ What does connectionless mean?
✅ A communication method that does not establish a connection before sending data (e.g., UDP).

❓ What is an initial sequence number (ISN)?
✅ A randomly generated number used to initiate a TCP connection and prevent attacks.

❓ What is the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)?
✅ An organization responsible for global IP address allocation and protocol assignments.

❓ What is the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)?
✅ A network protocol used for diagnostic and error-reporting purposes (e.g., ping command).

❓ What is network session hijacking?
✅ An attack where a hacker takes control of an active network session between two devices.

❓ What is a port in networking?
✅ A logical endpoint used for communication between applications over a network.

❓ What is a protocol?
✅ A set of rules that define how data is transmitted and received over a network.

❓ What is SYN?
✅ A synchronization packet used to initiate a TCP connection.

❓ What is SYN-ACK?
✅ A packet sent in response to a SYN request, acknowledging the connection request.

❓ What is a TCP flag?
✅ A control bit in a TCP header used to manage connections and data flow (e.g., SYN, ACK, FIN).

❓ What is the three-way handshake?
✅ The process used to establish a TCP connection: SYN → SYN-ACK → ACK.

❓ What does TCP/IP stand for?
✅ Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the fundamental suite of networking protocols used for internet communication.

❓ What is User Datagram Protocol (UDP)?
✅ A connectionless, faster but less reliable transport protocol compared to TCP.