2.6-2.8 flashcards

What are retrieval cues in memory concepts?

Stimuli that help access stored memories.

What is context-dependent memory?

Memory retrieval is better when the learning and recall environments are the same.

What does state-dependent memory refer to?

Memory is more easily retrieved when in the same emotional or physical state as during encoding.

What is mood-congruent memory?

The tendency to recall memories that match one's current mood.

What is retrieval practice?

Actively recalling information to strengthen memory.

What is the testing effect?

Improved memory after retrieving information through testing rather than rereading.

What does metacognition mean?

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

What is recall in memory?

Retrieving information from memory without cues.

What does recognition mean in memory retrieval?

Identifying previously learned information when presented with cues.

What is the forgetting curve?

Graph showing memory retention declines over time without reinforcement.

Who studied memory decay and developed the forgetting curve?

Ebbinghaus.

What is encoding failure?

Inability to store information into long-term memory due to lack of attention or processing.

What is proactive interference?

Old information disrupts the recall of new information.

What does retroactive interference mean?

New information interferes with the recall of old information.

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Temporary inability to retrieve information despite feeling close to recalling it.

What does repression refer to in memory?

Unconscious blocking of distressing memories.

What is the misinformation effect in memory?

Memory distortion caused by misleading information.

How does framing influence memory?

How information is presented influences decisions and recall.

What is source amnesia?

Forgetting where or how a memory was acquired.

What is constructive memory?

Memories are influenced by imagination, beliefs, or expectations.

What is memory consolidation?

Process of transferring short-term memories to long-term storage.

What is imagination inflation?

Increased confidence in a false memory after imagining it.

What is intelligence?

Ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.

What does g Theory or multiple abilities refer to?

Spearman's 'g' represents general intelligence; Gardner emphasizes multiple intelligences.

What is fluid intelligence?

Involves problem-solving.

What is crystallized intelligence?

Accumulated knowledge.

What does the IQ formula compare?

Compares mental age to chronological age.

What is the modern use of IQ tests?

Identifies students needing additional educational support.

What is standardization in tests?

Establishing norms and uniform procedures for testing.

What is norming in the context of testing?

Comparing test scores to a pretested group to establish averages.

What does percentile rank signify?

Percentage of scores below a specific test score.

What is reliability in testing?

Consistency of results.

What is validity in testing?

Measuring what the test is designed to measure.

What is construct validity?

Test accurately measures the concept it claims to measure.

What is predictive validity?

Test's ability to predict future performance.

What is test-retest reliability?

Consistency of test results over time.

What is split-half reliability?

Consistency of results between halves of a test.

What is factor analysis?

Statistical method to identify clusters of related abilities or traits.

What is stereotype threat?

Anxiety about confirming stereotypes negatively affects performance.

What is stereotype lift?

Performance improves when aware of positive stereotypes about one's group.

What is the Flynn Effect?

Steady rise in average IQ scores over decades due to environmental factors.

What does within-group vs. between-group IQ variability refer to?

Larger differences within groups than between groups; reflects environmental and cultural influences.

What are discriminatory uses of intelligence testing?

Tests used unfairly to limit opportunities based on biases.

What are achievement tests?

Assess learned knowledge or skills.

What are aptitude tests?

Measure potential to learn or perform.

What is a growth mindset?

Belief that abilities can improve with effort and practice.