2- FREUD (copy)

Psychoanalysis

the most famous of all personality theories

sex and aggression

two cornerstones of psychoanalysis

scientist

Freud regarded himself primarily as a -

deductive reasoning

Freud relied more on - than on rigorous research methods

case study

He utilized the - approach almost exclusively, typically formulating hypotheses after the facts of the case were known

March 6 or May 6, 1856

Sigismund Freud was born either on -

Freiberg, Moravia (Czech Republic)

He was born in -

Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud

he was the firstborn child of -

Emanuel and Philip

His father’s two grown sons

mother

He had a warm, indulgent relationship with his -

mother/son

He observed that the - relationship was the most perfect, most free from ambivalence of all human relationships

Vienna, Austria

remained his home for nearly 80 years until 1938

September 23, 1939

He emigrated to London, where he died on -

Julius

The birth of his brother - had a significant impact on hus psychic development

University of Vienna Medical School

He entered the - with no intention of practicing medicine, but rather to teach and do research in physiology

General Hospital of Vienna

he worked for 3 years in the - becoming familiar with the practice of various branches of medicine including psychiatry and nervous diseases

1885; Jean-Martin Charcot

in - , he received a traveling grant and decided to study in Paris with the famous French neurologist -

hysteria

He spent 4 months with Charcot, from which he learned the hypnotic technique for treating -, disoorrder. typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning of certain parts of the body

hypnosis

through -, he became convinced of a psychogenic and sexual origin of hysterical symptoms

Josef Breuer

He developed a close professional association and personal friendhsip with -, a well-known Viennese physician 14 years older than freud

catharsis

Breue taught Freud about -, the process of removing hysterical symptoms through talking them out

free association technique

Freud gradually and

laboriously discovered the -, which soon replaced hypnosis as his principal therapeutic technique.

cocaine

His first opportunity to gain recognition came in 1884–1885 and involved his experiments with -

male hysteria

Freud’s second opportunity for achieving some measure of fame came in 1886

after he returned from Paris, where he had learned about - from Charcot

“wandering womb”

Early physicians had believed that hysteria was strictly a female disorder because the very word had the same origins as uterus and was the result of a - with the uterus traveling throughout women’s bodies and causing various parts to malfunction.

Anna O

Breuer had discussed in detail with Freud the case

of -, a young woman Freud had never met, but whom Breuer had spent

many hours treating for hysteria several years earlier

Studies on Hysteria

Finally, and with some reluctance, Breuer agreed to publish with Freud

psychical analysis; psycho-analysis

In this book, Freud introduced the

term “-,” and during the following year, he began calling his

approach “-.”

Wilhelm Fliess

Freud then turned

to his friend -, a Berlin physician who served as a sounding board

for Freud’s newly developing ideas.

1896

He had begun to analyze his own dreams, and after the death of his father

in , he initiated the practice of analyzing himself daily

seduction theory

Again he believed himself to be on the brink of an important break-

through with his “discovery” that neuroses have their etiology in a child’s seduction by a parent.

September 21, 1897

In a letter dated -, to Wilhelm Fliess, he gave four reasons why he could no longer believe in his seduction theory

Ernest Jones

Freud’s official biographer, - , believed that

Freud suffered from a severe psychoneurosis during the late 1890s,

Max Schur

Freud’s personal physician during the final decade of his life, contended

that his illness was due to a cardiac lesion, aggravated by addiction to nicotine

Peter Gay

suggested that during the time immediately after his father’s death, Freud

“relived his oedipal conflicts with peculiar ferocity”

Henri Ellenberger

described this period in Freud’s life as a time of “creative illness,”

creative illness

condition characterized by depression, neurosis, psychosomatic ailments, and an intense preoc-

cupation with some form of creative activity.

Interpretation of Dreams

This book, finished in 1899, was an

outgrowth of his self-analysis, much of which he had revealed to his friend ­ Wilhelm

Fliess.

On Dreams

written because

Interpretation of Dreams had failed to capture much interest

Psychopathology of Everyday Life

which introduced the world to Freudian slips

Three Essay on the Theory of Sexuality

which established sex as the

cornerstone of psychoanalysis

Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious

which proposed that jokes, like dreams and Freudian slips, have an

unconscious meaning.

1. Freud

2. Alfred Adler

3. Wilhelm Stekel

4. Max Kahane

5. Rudolf Reitler

the five men that formed the Wednesday Psychological Society

Vienna Psycholoanalytic Society

the organization adopted a more formal name -

International Psychoanalytic Association

Freud and his followers founded the - with Carl Jung of Zürich as president.

Carl Jung

designated as the “Crown Prince” and “the man of the future

cancer of the mouth

After the war, despite advancing years and pain suffered from 33 operations for -, he made important revisions in his theory

Goethe prize

Although he never won the

coveted Nobel prize for science, he was awarded the - for literature

in 1930.

Unconscious

contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our

awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.

Unconscious

the explanation for the meaning behind dreams, slips

of the tongue, and certain kinds of forgetting

Dreams

serve as a particularly rich source of unconscious material.

primry censor

To enter the conscious level of the mind, these unconscious images

first must be sufficiently disguised to slip past the -

final censor

must elude a - that watches the passageway between the preconscious and the conscious.

Punishment and suppression

- often create feelings of anxiety,

Repression

the anxiety in turn stimulates -, that is, the forcing of

unwanted, anxiety-ridden experiences into the unconscious as a defense against the

pain of that anxiety.

phylogenetic endowment

Freud believed that a portion of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of

generations of repetition.

Preconscious

contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty

Conscious perception

What a person perceives is conscious for only a transitory period; it quickly passes into the preconscious when the focus of attention shifts

to another idea

Conscious

which plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory, can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.

Conscious

the only level of mental life directly available to us.

Perceptual conscious system

which is turned toward the outer world and acts as a medium

for the ­ perception of external stimuli. In other words, what we perceive through

our sense organs, if not too threatening, enters into consciousness

das Es

“the it”

das Ich

“the I”

das Uber-Ich

“over-I”

ego

has conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components

superego

both preconscious and unconscious

id

completely unconscious

id

At the core of personality and completely unconscious is the psychical region called the

id

has no contact with reality, yet it

strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires

pleasure principle

Because its sole

function is to seek pleasure, we say that the id serves the

newborn infant

personification of an is unencumbered by restrictions of ego and superego

id

is illogical and can

simultaneously entertain incompatible ideas

id

primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to consciousness,

unchangeable, amoral, illogical, unorganized, and filled with energy received from

basic drives and discharged for the satisfaction of the pleasure principle.

primary process

As the region that houses basic drives (primary motivates), the id operates

through the -

secondary process

Because it blindly seeks to satisfy the pleasure

principle, its survival is dependent on the development of a - to

bring it into contact with the external world, which functions

through the ego.

ego

the only region of the mind in contact with reality

ego

grows out

of the id during infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of communication

with the external world

reality principle

the ego is governed by the - which it tries to

substitute for the pleasure principle of the id.

ego

As the sole region of the mind in

contact with the external world, the - becomes the decision-making or executive

branch of personality