Chapter 18: The Respiratory System and Related Care

pharynx

tube shaped passage for food and air; back of the nose to the larynx

larynx

voice box

nasopharynx

space behind the nose

oropharynx

space behind the mouth

laryngopharynx

space below the oropharynx and ends at the larynx

tonsils

sets of lymphatic tissue located in the orolarynx

trachea

where the lower respiratory track begins

bronchi

two branches of the trachea

bronchioles

subdivisions of the bronchi

aveoli

grape-like clusters in the lungs that are subdivisions of broncioles

surfactant

a fatty substance secreted by alveoli to keep the sacs open and inflated

external respiration

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the outside environment

internal respiration

gas exchange between the blood and tissues of the body

cellular respiration

use of oxygen to produce energy and get rid of waste within cells

pleura

two layered membrane that surrounds each lung

pulmonologists (ENT)

ear, nose, and throat specialist

rhinitis

inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the nasal passagess

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinus linings that may develop a bacterial infection

upper respiratory infection (URI)

common cold that results from a viral infection of the nose, sinuses, and throat

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsilss

strep throat

infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx

laryngoscopy

procedure to view the larynx

obstructive sleep apnea

breathing disorder in which a person repeatedly steps breathing during sleep

influenza

respiratory illness caused by a virus; can appear in different strains and common in the fall and winter

COVID-19

disease transmitted through close contact via droplets and particles when a person breathes, sneezes, coughs, sings, or talks

bronchitis

when a virus causes irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi

pleurisy (pleuritis)

inflammation of the pleurae

pneumonia

illness that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

chronic, progressive disease that gives a person rouble breathing

emphysema

chronic disease of the lungs where the alveoli are damaged and are unable to exchange gases

pneumoconiosis

disease caused by inhalation of dust

asthma

chronic, episodic disorder that occurs when the respiratory system is hyperreactive to irritants, infection, cold air, or allergens

bronchiectasis

condition in which the bronchial tubes are abnormally englarged

lung cancer

growth of abnormal cells or tumors in the lungs

tuberculosis

highly contagious disease caused by a bacterium

mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis that’s carried on mecous droplets suspended in the air

pulmonary tuberculosis

how the bacteria affects the lungs when a person has tuberculosis

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

life-threatening condition in which the lungs fill with fluid and air cannot be exchanged effectively

respiratory failure

a condition in which the lungs cannot supply the blood with enough oxygen

hypoxia

lack of oxygen in the blood

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

tests that measure lunch function and capacity

spirometry

uses a spirometer where a patient is asked to breath in several different ways

tidal volume

the amount of air that flows into and leaves the lungs during respirations

residual volume

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the patient has exhaled

total lung capacity

maximum amount of air that a person can handle

vital capacity

amount of air that a person can exhale slowly after inhaling as much as possible

forced vital capacity

the maximum amount of air that a person can exhale quickly and forcefully after inhaling as much as possible

peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

the maximum speed at which a person can exhale air from the lungsg

green zone

PEFR of 80-100%

yellow zone

PEFR of 50-80%

red zone

PEFR below 50%