Who shares? Belot & Bhaskar

A (voluntary) promise is the best predictor of who shares 50% points increase

What is a 'living laboratory' in social psychology?

Extreme environments where human interactions are magnified by life-and-death stakes.

What event serves as a seminal case study for group dynamics?

The 1996 Mt. Everest Adventure Consultants Guided Expedition.

Who led the 1996 Everest expedition?

Rob Hall, a world-class climber.

What is the 'turnaround rule' in the context of the Everest expedition?

A group-level norm dictating that the group must retreat if the summit is not reached by 2:00 PM.

What was a major factor contributing to the tragedy of the Everest expedition?

Structural failure due to leadership pressure and group dynamics overriding individual caution.

What are the three core pillars that define a group?

Two or more individuals linked by social connections that occur 'by and within' social relationships.

What are the four types of groups in the taxonomy of assemblages?

Primary Groups, Social Groups, Collectives, and Categories.

What characterizes Primary Groups?

Small, long-term, high frequency of interaction; high solidarity and intense interdependence.

What defines Social Groups?

Formally organized, shorter duration, with more permeable boundaries focused on tasks or goals.

What are Collectives?

Large aggregations that form and dissolve quickly, joined by common interest or action.

What are Categories in the context of group dynamics?

Perceptual groupings based on shared attributes that can influence social identity.

What is Social Capital?

The richness of an individual's connections and the interpersonal terms of their social infrastructure.

What does the term 'Composition' refer to in group characteristics?

The specific qualities of the individuals that define the whole group.

What are the two types of group boundaries?

Open groups (fluid membership) and closed groups (stable membership).

How does group size affect social ties?

Larger groups increase the complexity of social ties, calculated by the formula n(n-1)/2.

What is Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)?

A method developed by Robert Freed Bales to categorize group interactions into Task and Relationship Interaction.

What is the significance of Interdependence in groups?

It refers to the degree to which members depend on one another, which can be symmetric or hierarchical.

What does Structure refer to in group dynamics?

The organization consisting of Roles and Norms that dictate expected behaviors.

What are the four quadrants of McGrath's Task Circumplex Model?

Generating, Choosing, Negotiating, and Executing.

What distinguishes Planned groups from Emergent groups?

Planned groups are concocted by outside authorities or founded by members, while Emergent groups arise from situational forces or self-organize.

What is Unity in the context of group characteristics?

Cohesion, defined as the strength of forces keeping the group together.

What does Entitativity refer to?

The degree to which a group is perceived as a single entity based on similarity, proximity, and common fate.

What is the Thomas Theorem?

The idea that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.

What does Essentialism imply in group dynamics?

The belief that a group has an underlying, unchanging nature, affecting behavior based on group perception.

What are the five major dynamic processes in Group Dynamics?

Formative, Influence, Performance, Conflict, and Contextual.

What are the five stages of group development according to Bruce Tuckman?

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.

What happens during the Forming stage of group development?

Members move from personal reserve to exchanging information.

What characterizes the Storming stage of group development?

Disagreements arise over goals, procedures, and status.

What occurs during the Norming stage of group development?

Conflict subsides as roles, standards, and cohesiveness emerge.

What is the focus of the Performing stage in group development?

The group focuses energy on task completion.

What happens in the Adjourning stage of group development?

The group ceases its activities and members withdraw.

What does the Social Brain Hypothesis propose?

Human neurological evolution was driven by the demands of group life.

What is Dunbar's Number?

Approximately 150, the limit of stable social relationships one can maintain.

Who coined the term Group Dynamics?

Kurt Lewin.

What is the formula B=f(P,E) in group dynamics?

Behavior (B) is a function (f) of personal characteristics (P) and environmental factors (E).

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

A bias where we attribute others' behavior to their personality but our own to the situation.

Why is it important to study groups?

Individuals are commonly members of groups, and understanding groups helps understand people.

What is the Figure-Ground principle illustrated by the Face-Vase illusion?

It shows how individuals often overlook the group context in favor of individual elements.

What disciplines contribute to the study of group dynamics?

Anthropology, Business, Communication, Political Science, Psychology.

What are Geert Hofstede's dimensions related to group behavior?

Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance.

What does the Multilevel Perspective emphasize in group dynamics?

Examining individuals within groups and groups within larger societal contexts.

What are the three core analytical components of the Multilevel Perspective?

Micro-level Analysis, Meso-level Analysis, Macro-level Analysis.

What is the significance of precise measurement in group dynamics research?

It ensures reliable and valid findings in the study of group behavior.

What is Participant Observation in group dynamics research?

A method where researchers embed themselves within a group to observe interactions.

What is Overt Observation?

A method where researchers record behavior from a distance.

What is Robert Freed Bales' Interaction Process Analysis (IPA)?

A coding system that categorizes behaviors in group interactions.

What is the impact of groups on individual attitudes and perceptions?

Groups can significantly alter members' attitudes, values, and perceptions.

What does the study of group dynamics reveal about societal influence?

Groups mediate the connection between individuals and society at large.

What are some practical problems that the study of groups can address?

Competition, conflict, and decision-making issues.

How do groups contribute to both tragedies and achievements?

They can lead to significant failures or remarkable successes depending on dynamics.

What is the role of interdisciplinary approaches in studying groups?

They provide diverse perspectives and solutions to complex group-related issues.

What does the term 'collective programming of the mind' refer to?

Cultural dimensions that influence how groups function and individuals behave within them.

How does the transition from anecdotal observation to scientific inquiry benefit group dynamics?

It allows for a disciplined analysis of group behavior beyond subjective biases.

What is the primary focus of observation in research methods?

Visible, external behaviors and interpersonal interactions.

What does self-report in research capture?

Internal perceptions, private feelings, and beliefs.

What is a key strength of observational methods?

Captures real-time 'process' and minimizes memory bias.

What limitation does self-reporting have?

Subject to participant honesty, self-serving bias, and memory errors.

What is the main purpose of case studies in group dynamics research?

To conduct a deep-dive, qualitative analysis of a single, often unique group.

What is a limitation of case studies?

Findings are difficult to generalize to the broader population of groups.

What do correlational studies identify?

The relationships between variables without active intervention.

What is the 'directionality problem' in correlational studies?

It cannot confirm that one variable causes the other.

What is the gold standard for establishing causal links in research?

Experimental studies.

What do experimental studies manipulate to observe effects?

An independent variable while controlling for extraneous factors.

What are the pros and cons of using lab experiments?

Pros: High internal validity; Cons: Poor external validity.

What are economic games used to measure?

Behaviors such as altruism, prosocial behavior, cooperation, and risk aversion.

What is a unique challenge of studying groups compared to individuals?

Logistical constraints and ethical responsibilities.

What is the 'Hawthorne Effect'?

When group members alter their behavior because they know they are being studied.

What do motivational perspectives analyze in group dynamics?

The internal drives, needs, and urges that compel individuals to join and act within groups.

What do behavioral perspectives focus on?

Learned responses and social exchange in group interactions.

What is the systems perspective in group dynamics?

Treats the group as a complex, interlocking unit transforming inputs into outputs.

What do cognitive perspectives examine?

The mental structures members use to categorize social information and form identities.

What do biological perspectives explore in group behavior?

The evolutionary and neurological underpinnings suggesting social tendencies are 'hard-wired'.

What is the importance of selecting a theoretical perspective in research?

It organizes empirical data into a cohesive narrative and determines significant variables.

What does empirical literacy enable a practitioner to do?

Discern between different research methods and theoretical explanations.

What is the trade-off researchers face when selecting a research design?

Between ecological validity of real-world settings and internal validity of controlled environments.

What is the role of Institutional Review Boards in group research?

To oversee ethical responsibilities and protect participants from psychological effects.

What is the significance of understanding parsimony in selecting a theoretical perspective?

It helps in explaining specific phenomena without unnecessary complexity.

What is the challenge of generalizability in group research?

Findings from small, controlled groups may not translate to real-world settings.

What is the role of archival data in research?

To examine existing data and phenomena without conducting new experiments.

What is the primary data source for self-report methods?

The individual member's subjective account, such as surveys.

What is empirical literacy?

The ability to discern between a case study and an experiment, or between a motivational and a cognitive explanation.

What are the three levels of analysis in research?

Micro (individual), meso (group), and macro (society).

Define reliability in research.

The degree to which a measurement technique or tool yields consistent results across different trials or observers.

What does validity refer to in research methods?

The extent to which a research method or instrument actually assesses the specific concept it was designed to measure.

What is interrater reliability?

Consistency across raters; if different raters code a statement similarly, the rating has interrater reliability.

What is participant observation?

A research method where the investigator joins the group under study to gain an 'insider' perspective on its dynamics.

What is a qualitative study?

A research approach that relies on non-numerical data, such as descriptions or interviews, to understand group phenomena.

What is a quantitative study?

A research approach that utilizes numerical data and statistical analysis to identify patterns and test hypotheses.

What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure the ethical treatment of human participants in studies.

What is an independent variable?

The factor in an experiment that is deliberately manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect.

What is a dependent variable?

The outcome or behavior that is measured in an experiment to see how it changes in response to manipulation.

What is social loneliness?

The feeling of being cut off from one's network of friends and group members.

What is emotional loneliness?

The lack of long-term, meaningful, intimate relationships with another person.

What distinguishes collectivism from individualism?

Collectivism emphasizes communal relationships, while individualism supports exchange relationships based on reciprocity.

What are the four distinct differences between collectivism and individualism according to Triandis (2009)?

Social relations, social obligations, social goals, and self-concepts.

What does the acronym OCEAN represent in personality traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

What is shyness?

The tendency to feel uneasy, uncomfortable, and awkward in response to actual or anticipated social interaction.

What is social anxiety?

An escalation of shyness characterized by a fear of making a good impression and pessimistic expectations about relationship success.

What is the need for affiliation?

The desire to join groups and seek close, warm relationships with others.

What is group cohesion?

The solidarity or unity of a group resulting from strong interpersonal bonds and shared commitment to group goals.