neuroanatomy ch1

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What constitutes the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

The brain and the spinal cord

What constitutes the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

What are the two main divisions of the PNS?

The Afferent division and the Efferent division

What types of sensory input are part of the Afferent division?

Somatic sensory, Visceral sensory, and Special sensory

What types of motor output are part of the Efferent division?

Somatic motor and Autonomic motor

What are the three subdivisions of the Autonomic motor system?

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric

What is Gray Matter composed of?

Neuronal cell bodies

What is the definition of a Nucleus in the CNS?

A collection of cell bodies in the CNS

What is a Ganglion?

A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

Are there exceptions to the rule that ganglia are only in the PNS?

Yes

What are the specific cells in the retina whose axons enter the optic nerve called?

Ganglion cells

What is White Matter composed of?

Axons covered in myelin

What is a Fasciculus (plural: Fasciculi)?

A bundle of nerve fibers (found in both CNS and PNS)

What is a Capsule?

A large, flattened region of white matter

What is a Peduncle?

A 'stalk' or stout bundle of white matter that joins two major parts of the brain together

What is a Tract?

A population of axons in the CNS

What is a Nerve?

A bundle of axons outside the CNS (e.g., optic nerve)

What does Afferent mean?

Arriving at the brain

What does Efferent mean?

Exiting the brain

Which directional axis runs from the nose to the back of the head?

Rostral-Caudal

Which directional axis runs from the top of the head to the neck?

Dorsal-Ventral (or Superior-Inferior)

In the spinal cord, 'Dorsal' is synonymous with what direction?

Posterior

In the spinal cord, 'Ventral' is synonymous with what direction?

Anterior

What plane divides the brain into a front and back section (like a face mask)?

Coronal plane

What plane divides the brain into left and right sections?

Sagittal plane

What plane divides the brain into top and bottom sections?

Horizontal plane

What is another name for the Horizontal plane?

Transverse plane/section

Looking at a Coronal cross-section, where is the Gray Matter located in the brain?

On the outer edge (cortex) and inner nuclei

Looking at a Spinal Cord cross-section, where is the Gray Matter located?

In the center (butterfly shape), surrounded by white matter

What is the largest division of the brain?

The Cerebrum

The Cerebrum is divided into how many hemispheres?

Two hemispheres

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into how many lobes?

Four lobes

What are the names of the four lobes of the brain?

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

What structure sits below the posterior part of the cerebrum?

The Cerebellum

What structure connects the brain to the spinal cord?

The Brainstem

The Diencephalon consists of which two major structures?

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

What is the primary function of the Thalamus listed in the slides?

Relay to cortex

What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus listed in the slides?

Control of autonomics

What are the three components of the Brainstem?

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

Movement control

Where are the Basal Ganglia related structures located?

In the brainstem

Which two structures are identified as Limbic structures involved in drives, emotions, and memory?

Hippocampus and Amygdala

The Lenticular nucleus is composed of which two parts?

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

The Caudate nucleus is part of which system?

Basal ganglia

Which lobe is associated with the somatosensory cortex?

Parietal lobe

Which lobe is associated with the visual cortex?

Occipital lobe

Which lobe is associated with the auditory cortex?

Temporal lobe

Which lobe is associated with the motor cortex?

Frontal lobe

The Limbic lobe is associated with what functions?

Drives, emotions, memory

What is another name for the Neocortex?

Isocortex

How thick is the Neocortex?

2-4mm thick

How many neurons does the Neocortex contain?

10-15 billion neurons

How many glial cells does the Neocortex contain?

50 billion glial cells

The Neocortex is divided into what two types of cortices?

Primary and Association cortices

What percentage of neocortex neurons are Pyramidal neurons?

60-85%

What types of cells make up the rest of the neocortex neurons (non-pyramidal)?

Interneurons and stellate cells

How many layers does the Neocortex have?

6 Layers

What is the name of Layer I?

Molecular Layer

Does Layer I have many neurons?

No, it has few neurons

What is primarily found in Layer I?

Dendrites from pyramidal cells and axons coming from other layers

What is the name of Layer II?

External Granular Layer

What is the main cell type in Layer II?

Pyramidal cells

Is Layer II Glutaminergic or GABAergic?

Glutaminergic

What kind of connections are made in Layer II?

Cortico-cortico connections

What is the name of Layer III?

External Pyramidal Layer

What is the main cell type in Layer III?

Pyramidal cells

What kind of connections are made in Layer III?

Cortico-cortico connections

What is the name of Layer IV?

Internal Granular Layer

What cell types are found in Layer IV?

Spiny stellate cells

Is Layer IV Glutaminergic?

Yes

From where does Layer IV receive sensory inputs?

From the Thalamus

What is the name of Layer V?

Internal Pyramidal Layer

Layer V projects to which three areas?

Striatum, Brainstem, and Spinal Cord

What is the name of Layer VI?

Fusiform or Polymorphic Layer

Where does Layer VI project to?

To the Thalamus

Which layer acts as the primary output to the Thalamus?

Layer VI

Which layer acts as the primary input from the Thalamus?

Layer IV

In the slide showing layers of different cortices, which area (46, 4, or 17) represents the Prefrontal association cortex?

Area 46

Which area represents the Primary motor cortex?

Area 4

Which area represents the Primary visual cortex?

Area 17

Looking at the cortical layers, which type of cortex appears to have a very dense Layer IV?

Primary visual cortex (Area 17)

Looking at the cortical layers, which type of cortex has very large pyramidal cells in Layer V?

Primary motor cortex (Area 4)

In the order of cortical maturation, which areas generally mature last (labeled 3)?

Prefrontal and lateral temporal association areas

In the order of cortical maturation, which areas generally mature first (labeled 1)?

Primary motor and sensory areas (central sulcus region and visual cortex)

What describes the outer layer of the Cerebrum?

Uniform, Gray matter

'Bundle of axons outside the CNS' defines what?

Nerve

'Collection of cell bodies in the CNS' defines what?

Nucleus

'Axons covered in myelin' defines what?

White matter

'Large, flattened region of white matter' defines what?

Capsule

What is the textbook for the course (according to slides)?

Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases by Hal Blumenfeld

What specific part of the neuron makes up Gray Matter?

Cell bodies

Which neurotransmitter is associated with layers II, III, IV, and V in the slides?

Glutamate (Glutaminergic)

The Hippocampus and Amygdala are grouped under which hemisphere subdivision?

Cerebral hemisphere

The Cerebellum is associated with what function?

Coordination

Is the Isocortex part of the Gray Matter or White Matter?

Gray Matter

What directional term means 'towards the tail'?

Caudal

What directional term means 'towards the beak/nose'?

Rostral

Which plane allows you to see both the left and right hemispheres simultaneously and symmetrically?

Coronal (or Horizontal)

The Putamen and Globus Pallidus together are called what?

Lenticular nucleus