neuroanatomy ch1
Based on the provided lecture slides, here are 100 flashcards covering terminology, anatomy, and cortical structure.
### Section 1: General Nervous System Divisions
1. Q: What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
A: The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) [1].
2. Q: What constitutes the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
A: The brain and the spinal cord [1, 2].
3. Q: What constitutes the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
A: Cranial nerves and spinal nerves [1].
4. Q: What are the two main divisions of the PNS?
A: The Afferent division and the Efferent division [2].
5. Q: What types of sensory input are part of the Afferent division?
A: Somatic sensory, Visceral sensory, and Special sensory [2].
6. Q: What types of motor output are part of the Efferent division?
A: Somatic motor and Autonomic motor [2].
7. Q: What are the three subdivisions of the Autonomic motor system?
A: Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric [2].
### Section 2: Basic Neuroanatomy Terminology
8. Q: What is Gray Matter composed of?
A: Neuronal cell bodies [3].
9. Q: What is the definition of a Nucleus in the CNS?
A: A collection of cell bodies in the CNS [3].
10. Q: What is a Ganglion?
A: A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS [3].
11. Q: Are there exceptions to the rule that ganglia are only in the PNS?
A: Yes [3].
12. Q: What are the specific cells in the retina whose axons enter the optic nerve called?
A: Ganglion cells [3].
13. Q: What is White Matter composed of?
A: Axons covered in myelin [3].
14. Q: What is a Fasciculus (plural: Fasciculi)?
A: A bundle of nerve fibers (found in both CNS and PNS) [4].
15. Q: What is a Capsule?
A: A large, flattened region of white matter [4].
16. Q: What is a Peduncle?
A: A "stalk" or stout bundle of white matter that joins two major parts of the brain together [4].
17. Q: What is a Tract?
A: A population of axons in the CNS [4].
18. Q: What is a Nerve?
A: A bundle of axons outside the CNS (e.g., optic nerve) [4].
19. Q: What does Afferent mean?
A: Arriving at the brain [4].
20. Q: What does Efferent mean?
A: Exiting the brain [4].
### Section 3: Orientation and Planes
21. Q: Which directional axis runs from the nose to the back of the head?
A: Rostral-Caudal [5].
22. Q: Which directional axis runs from the top of the head to the neck?
A: Dorsal-Ventral (or Superior-Inferior) [5].
23. Q: In the spinal cord, "Dorsal" is synonymous with what direction?
A: Posterior [5].
24. Q: In the spinal cord, "Ventral" is synonymous with what direction?
A: Anterior [5].
25. Q: What plane divides the brain into a front and back section (like a face mask)?
A: Coronal plane [5, 6].
26. Q: What plane divides the brain into left and right sections?
A: Sagittal plane [5, 7].
27. Q: What plane divides the brain into top and bottom sections?
A: Horizontal plane [5, 8].
28. Q: What is another name for the Horizontal plane?
A: Transverse plane/section [8].
29. Q: Looking at a Coronal cross-section, where is the Gray Matter located in the brain?
A: On the outer edge (cortex) and inner nuclei [6, 9].
30. Q: Looking at a Spinal Cord cross-section, where is the Gray Matter located?
A: In the center (butterfly shape), surrounded by white matter [9].
### Section 4: Gross Anatomy of the Brain
31. Q: What is the largest division of the brain?
A: The Cerebrum [10].
32. Q: The Cerebrum is divided into how many hemispheres?
A: Two hemispheres [10].
33. Q: Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into how many lobes?
A: Four lobes [10].
34. Q: What are the names of the four lobes of the brain?
A: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal [11].
35. Q: What structure sits below the posterior part of the cerebrum?
A: The Cerebellum [10].
36. Q: What structure connects the brain to the spinal cord?
A: The Brainstem [10].
### Section 5: CNS Subdivisions & Hierarchy
37. Q: The Diencephalon consists of which two major structures?
A: Thalamus and Hypothalamus [12].
38. Q: What is the primary function of the Thalamus listed in the slides?
A: Relay to cortex [12].
39. Q: What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus listed in the slides?
A: Control of autonomics [12].
40. Q: What are the three components of the Brainstem?
A: Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla [12].
41. Q: What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?
A: Movement control [12].
42. Q: Where are the Basal Ganglia related structures located?
A: In the brainstem [12].
43. Q: Which two structures are identified as Limbic structures involved in drives, emotions, and memory?
A: Hippocampus and Amygdala [12].
44. Q: The Lenticular nucleus is composed of which two parts?
A: Putamen and Globus Pallidus [12].
45. Q: The Caudate nucleus is part of which system?
A: Basal ganglia [12].
46. Q: Which lobe is associated with the somatosensory cortex?
A: Parietal lobe [12].
47. Q: Which lobe is associated with the visual cortex?
A: Occipital lobe [12].
48. Q: Which lobe is associated with the auditory cortex?
A: Temporal lobe [12].
49. Q: Which lobe is associated with the motor cortex?
A: Frontal lobe [12].
50. Q: The Limbic lobe is associated with what functions?
A: Drives, emotions, memory [12].
### Section 6: The Neocortex
51. Q: What is another name for the Neocortex?
A: Isocortex [13].
52. Q: How thick is the Neocortex?
A: 2-4mm thick [13].
53. Q: How many neurons does the Neocortex contain?
A: 10-15 billion neurons [13].
54. Q: How many glial cells does the Neocortex contain?
A: 50 billion glial cells [13].
55. Q: The Neocortex is divided into what two types of cortices?
A: Primary and Association cortices [13].
56. Q: What percentage of neocortex neurons are Pyramidal neurons?
A: 60-85% [14].
57. Q: What types of cells make up the rest of the neocortex neurons (non-pyramidal)?
A: Interneurons and stellate cells [14].
### Section 7: Layers of the Neocortex
58. Q: How many layers does the Neocortex have?
A: 6 Layers [15].
59. Q: What is the name of Layer I?
A: Molecular Layer [15].
60. Q: Does Layer I have many neurons?
A: No, it has few neurons [15].
61. Q: What is primarily found in Layer I?
A: Dendrites from pyramidal cells and axons coming from other layers [15].
62. Q: What is the name of Layer II?
A: External Granular Layer [15].
63. Q: What is the main cell type in Layer II?
A: Pyramidal cells [15].
64. Q: Is Layer II Glutaminergic or GABAergic?
A: Glutaminergic [15].
65. Q: What kind of connections are made in Layer II?
A: Cortico-cortico connections [15].
66. Q: What is the name of Layer III?
A: External Pyramidal Layer [15].
67. Q: What is the main cell type in Layer III?
A: Pyramidal cells [15].
68. Q: What kind of connections are made in Layer III?
A: Cortico-cortico connections [15].
69. Q: What is the name of Layer IV?
A: Internal Granular Layer [16].
70. Q: What cell types are found in Layer IV?
A: Spiny stellate cells [16].
71. Q: Is Layer IV Glutaminergic?
A: Yes [16].
72. Q: From where does Layer IV receive sensory inputs?
A: From the Thalamus [16].
73. Q: What is the name of Layer V?
A: Internal Pyramidal Layer [16].
74. Q: Layer V projects to which three areas?
A: Striatum, Brainstem, and Spinal Cord [16].
75. Q: What is the name of Layer VI?
A: Fusiform or Polymorphic Layer [16].
76. Q: Where does Layer VI project to?
A: To the Thalamus [16].
77. Q: Which layer acts as the primary output to the Thalamus?
A: Layer VI [16].
78. Q: Which layer acts as the primary input from the Thalamus?
A: Layer IV [16].
### Section 8: Functional Cortical Areas
79. Q: In the slide showing layers of different cortices, which area (46, 4, or 17) represents the Prefrontal association cortex?
A: Area 46 [17].
80. Q: Which area represents the Primary motor cortex?
A: Area 4 [17].
81. Q: Which area represents the Primary visual cortex?
A: Area 17 [17].
82. Q: Looking at the cortical layers, which type of cortex appears to have a very dense Layer IV?
A: Primary visual cortex (Area 17) [17].
83. Q: Looking at the cortical layers, which type of cortex has very large pyramidal cells in Layer V?
A: Primary motor cortex (Area 4) [17].
### Section 9: Miscellaneous & Review
84. Q: In the order of cortical maturation, which areas generally mature last (labeled 3)?
A: Prefrontal and lateral temporal association areas [18].
85. Q: In the order of cortical maturation, which areas generally mature first (labeled 1)?
A: Primary motor and sensory areas (central sulcus region and visual cortex) [18].
86. Q: What describes the outer layer of the Cerebrum?
A: Uniform, Gray matter [10, 13].
87. Q: "Bundle of axons outside the CNS" defines what?
A: Nerve [4].
88. Q: "Collection of cell bodies in the CNS" defines what?
A: Nucleus [3].
89. Q: "Axons covered in myelin" defines what?
A: White matter [3].
90. Q: "Large, flattened region of white matter" defines what?
A: Capsule [4].
91. Q: What is the textbook for the course (according to slides)?
A: Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases by Hal Blumenfeld [19].
92. Q: What specific part of the neuron makes up Gray Matter?
A: Cell bodies [3].
93. Q: Which neurotransmitter is associated with layers II, III, IV, and V in the slides?
A: Glutamate (Glutaminergic) [15, 16].
94. Q: The Hippocampus and Amygdala are grouped under which hemisphere subdivision?
A: Cerebral hemisphere [12].
95. Q: The Cerebellum is associated with what function?
A: Coordination [12].
96. Q: Is the Isocortex part of the Gray Matter or White Matter?
A: Gray Matter [13].
97. Q: What directional term means "towards the tail"?
A: Caudal [5].
98. Q: What directional term means "towards the beak/nose"?
A: Rostral [5].
99. Q: Which plane allows you to see both the left and right hemispheres simultaneously and symmetrically?
A: Coronal (or Horizontal) [6, 8].
100. Q: The Putamen and Globus Pallidus together are called what?
A: Lenticular nucleus [12].