HEAL 2070 MODULE 1: BLOOD

Functions of blood

1. O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste product transportation

2. pH, body temperature, water content of cells regulation

3. blood clotting

Hematocrit

percent of red blood cells in blood

Makeup of blood

55% plasma

45% RBC

What % of the human body weight is comprised of blood?

8%

% of plasma and formed elements of blood

55% plasma

45% formed elemtns

Plasma is comprised of:

7% proteins

91.5% water

1.5% other solutes

Proteins in the plasma

54% albumins

38% globulins

7% fibrinogen

1% others

Formed elements are comprised of

Platelets : 150k - 400k

White blood cells : 5k - 10k

Red blood cells : 4.8 - 5.4 million

% of all white blood cells

neutrophils : 60-70%

lymphocytes : 20-25%

monocytes : 3-8%

eosinophils : 2-4%

basophils : 0.5-1%

Albumin

• smallest and most numerous

• substance transportation

• blood pH regulation

Globulins

• attack viruses/bacteria

• substance transportation

Fibrinogen

Blood clotting

Hemoglobin

carries O2 to all cells and some CO2 to lungs, 4 Fe ions to help bind to 4 O2 molecules

Erytheopoiesis (production of RBCs)

begins in red bone marrow, mature in 1-2 days

Erythropoietin

hormone released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia and stimulates erythropoiesis

Agranular leukocytes

Lymphocytes, monocytes

Granular Leukocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Neutrophil Function

Bacterial Phagocytosis/killing (acute infections)

Eosinophil function

Kills parasitic worms and decrease inflammation (allergies and parasitic infections)

Basophil function

Releases chemical mediators of inflammation —> histamine (allergies)

Lymphocyte

B cells —> antibodies, T and NK cells —> destroy infected cells and tumor cells (viral infections)

Monocyte

Phagocytic, activate lymphocytes (chronic infections)

Platelets

Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding)

Hemostasis involves:

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

How many clotting factors are there and where do they come from?

13 and majority come from the liver

Intrinsic pathway of blood vessel injury

Activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) blood

Extrinsic pathway of blood vessel injury

Tissue thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) the blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase

blood typing

Classified by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs

Blood types by antigens

A —> A antigen present

B —> B antigen present

AB —> both A and B antigen present

O —> neither A nor B antigen present

Blood types by antibodies

A —> B antibody

B —> A antibody

AB —> neither A and B antibody

O —> Both A and B antibody

Blood typing by + or -

Rh + —> Rh factor present

Rh - —> Rh factor missing

What antigens and antibodies does a person with O- blood type have? does this person have the Rh factor? What blood types can this person receive?

Neither A or B antigen present, both A and B antibodies present, no Rh factor.

This person can receive only O- (universal donor)

What antigens and antibodies does a person with AB+ blood type have? does this person have the Rh factor? What blood types can this person receive?

Both A and B antigens present, No antibodies, Rh factor present.

This person can receive blood from people who are: O+, O-, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB-, AB+ (universal recipient)