AP World History - Unit 3-4

Early Modern Period

the time period of 1450 - 1750

(it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)

Catholic Reformation

the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary)

Jesuits

a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's)

Thirty Years War

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended the 30 years war, allowing principalities and cities to choose their own religion, creating a patchwork of religious affiliations through England.

English Civil War

This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished.

Scientific Revolution

a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century

Scholasticism

Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion

Brahe & Kepler

developed a more complex theory from Copernicus in 1610

Galileo

used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas

Isaac Newton

discovered the basic principles of motion + gravity, where he captured the vision of a entire universe in simple laws

Humanism

interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals

Patrons

supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young

Medici

was a powerful family of Florence in the mid to late 1400s that sponsored artists as a rich merchant family

Erasmus

a humanist Dutch priest that published the first edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1516

Johan Gutenberg

a German goldsmith and printer, who created the printing press, in 1454

Nicolo Machiavelli

a Renaissance writer who wrote, "The Prince" which was a famous philosophical view of the ideal political leader in the 16th century, in Italian city states

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Indulgences

The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church.

John Calvin

A protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God.

Anglican Church

A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife.

Nicholas Copernicus

a Polish monk who based tables on those by Nasir Al-Din, an Islamic scholar, to correct inaccurate calendars.

Edict of Nantes

The granting of tolerance to Protestants through this, which was later revoked by King Louis XIV

Martin Luther

a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church

Renaissance Man

Title of a person who was smart and genius in the Renaissance Era.

Deism

God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.

Land-based Powers

A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected

Sea-based Powers

Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims.

Renaissance

A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever

Adam Smith

He analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations"

New Monarchies

Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions

Constitutional Monarchy

States where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens

Gentry

the most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy

Enlightenment

the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought

John Locke

sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Montesquieu

admired the British Parliament that had successfully gained power at the expense of the king, who also advocated a three-branch government with three branches that shared political power

Voltaire

wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms

Rosseau

the most radical of the common philosophers, he proclaimed in his social context that "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains". Since society had "Corrupted" human nature, he advocated a return to nature in a small, co-op community

Hapsburg

A powerful family with land claims all over Europe from Spain to Italy to the Netherlands to Hungary, as all the Holy Roman Emperor's had been Hapsburg since 1273

Holy Roman Empire

a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century

Reconquest

the retaking of land in Iberia by Spain and Portugal in a religious crusade to expand. This conquest advanced in waves over several centuries.

Phillip II

ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century

Divine Right

with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries

Louis XIV

Understood the importance of a "theatre state", by building a magnificent palace at Versailles, and the apex of absolutism occurred under him

Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchies

absolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power.

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner

Mercantilism

the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business)

Joint-stock Companies

these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages.

Putting out system

the concept of producing goods in the countryside outside the guilds control by delivering raw materials to their homes, where they are transformed into finished products to be used up later

Bourgeoise

middle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profits into their businesses

Balance of Power

states forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. (Russia emerged as a major power in Europe after its mediterranean armies got Sweden in the GNW)

Versailles

a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'.

Zheng He

led expiditions in Chinese junks across the atlantic ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty.

Yongle

something of a renegade who supported a series of seven maritimes expeditions. Chinese vessels started to take tribute from those they encountered.

Henry the Navigator

the third son of the portuguese king; devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world

Caravel

a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas

Vasco da Gama

set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal

Christopher Columbus

A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West.

Treaty of Tordesillas "Tortillas"

a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond.

Magellan

had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines

Conquistadors

went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico

Cortes

sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology

Moctezuma

the Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him.

Francisco Pizzaro

led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold.

Atahualpa

the leader of the Incas, who was seized by Pizzaro and gave gold to him, first baptized as a Christian, than strangled

Ethnocentrism

the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior

De La Casas

a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights

Franciscans

peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor.

Encomenderos

Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas

Peninsularies

a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world

Mestizos

composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas

Mulattoes

composed of European and African children, also part of the castas

Council of Indies

supervised all government and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies

Bartholomew Dias

set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean, as well as discovering the fastest and safest ways back to Portugal

Encomienda

the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them

Creoles

composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class

Castas

a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom

Protestant work ethic

a work ethic of the protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth

Dutch East India Company

a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific

Lost Colony

The colony of Walter Raleigh, as well as the first venture to North America by the British on the Carolina Coast.

Mercantilism

a system in which the government is constantly intervened in the market, with the understanding the goal of economic gain and to benefit the mother country

Indentured Servitude

a system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage

Columbian exchange

the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World

Atlantic Circuit

a clockwise network of sea routs in the Atlantic Ocean

Middle Passage

the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world

Manila Galleons

ships that traveled across the pacific ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver

House of Burgesses

the elected assembly in the colonies that initiated a form of democratic representation

Pilgrims

settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands

Puritans

wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it

Iroquois Confederacy

Dutch merchants established trading relationships with these guys

Plantocracy

a small number of rich men owns most of the slaves and land, as well as had all the power

Seasoning

a period of adjustment to a new environment, like with the slaves

Manumission

legal grant of freedom to an individual slave

Maroons

runaway slaves in the Carribean

Kongo

Christian missionaries went to this kingdom just south of the Congo River, where Christian Missionaries converted its inhabitants to Christianity

African Diaspora

The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750

Asante

Produced insignificant amounts of gold and Kola nuts, they rose in West Africa on the Gold Coast.

Benin

Not really a significant player in the slave trade - relied on traditional products, such as ivory, textiles, and their unique bronze castings

Dahomey

a kingdom that used firearms to create its powerbase, in Contrast to the Asante, the Dahomey leaders were authoritarian, and often brutal in forcing compliance to the royal court