bigger quiz 4

a-b design

• within subjects design

• baseline measurement is taken and then an intervention is introduced

• second measurement is taken

a-b-a design

• within subjects design

• baseline measurement is taken and then an intervention is introduced

• second measurement is taken

• intervention is removed and a third measurement is taken

a-b-a-b design

• within subjects design

• baseline measurement is taken and intervention is introduced

• second measurement is taken

• intervention is removed

• third measurement is taken

• the intervention is reintroduced and fourth measurement is taken

double-blind procedure

neither participant nor primary investigator knows which level of independent variable the participant is receiving

experimenter-expectancy effect

• experimenter consciously or unconsciously gives participants hints as to their expectations for the outcome of the study

• participants shape their behavior to mimic that effect

meta-analysis

• statistical analysis

• combines results of several similar studies

mixed design

• experimental paradigm

• involves at least one within-subjects variable and at least one between-subjects variable

mixed design analysis of variance (mixed design ANOVA)

• analysis of variance involving at least one within-subjects variable

• at least one between-subjects variable

single-blind procedure

• experimenter knows which level of IV a participant is receiving but the participant doesn’t

single-subject design

within-subjects design that monitors changes in one individual or one group

treatment-as-usual group

• comparison group in clinical studies

• already established treatment is administered for comparison to experimental treatment

waiting list control group

• method for creating a control group in a clinical experiment

• one group receives no treatment and serve as an empty control group until researchers determine which experimental treatment is most effective

benefits of small N designs

• allows researchers to systematically examine how an IV influences behavior of an individual case

features of small N designs

• each participant serves as own control/comparison

• DV measured across multiple trials within each condition

• built-in replications

• data examined separately for each participant

• visual analysis of data

problems with large N designs

• participants with a particular attribute are rare

• members of a specific animal species are rare, costly, or require much time for training

cell mean

the mean for a dependent variable for one combination of independent variables in the experiment

crossover interaction

• also known as disordinal interaction

• IV has opposing effects on the DV at the different at the different levels of the other IV

factor

• also known as IV

• something that can influence an outcome or DV

factorial ANOVA

analysis of variance where there are at least two IV

factorial design

an experimental design involving two or more IV

hybrid design

experimental design with at least two IV and at least one quasi-experimental variable

interaction

the combined effects of two or more IV on a dependent variable

interaction effect hypothesis

hypothesis regarding the combined effect of multiple variables on the DV

main effect hypothesis

hypothesis that focuses on the effect of a single IV on the DV, ignoring all other IV

marginal mean

mean for DV for one level of an IV collapsed across all other IV

ordinal interaction

one IV has an influence on a particular level of the other IV but not on all of its levels

suppression effect

combined effect of two variables less than sum of the independent effects of the variables

synergistic effect

combined effect of two variables is greater than the sum of the independent effects of the variables

two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

analysis of variance where there are at least two IV

vignette

tool used in experiments where the experimenter presents participants with a situation and then observes their reaction

attrition

when research participants drop out of a research study before it is complete

baseline measurement

measurement of the dependent variable that occurs before the experimental manipulation in a within-subjects design

behavioral diary

• self-report measure

• method = naturalistic observation where participant is the observer

carryover effect

when previous stimuli affect the interpretation of subsequent stimuli

counterbalancing

every possible order of stimuli is employed an equal number of times

dependent means t-test

statistic that determines whether two sets of scores are different

fatigue effect

• when a participant becomes tired and this impacts the dependent measure

• threat to internal validity

history

• when an external event occurs during the study

• threat to internal validity

instrumentation

• dependent variable measured differently at different points during the experiment

• threat to internal validity

latin square design

• when a counterbalancing strategy involves each level of the independent, appearing in each possible position an equal number of times

• there are as many sequences as there are conditions

maturation

• passage of time impacts the dependent measure

• this is a threat to internal validity

mortality

research participants drop out of a research study before it is complete

order effect

• sequence of stimuli in a within-subjects design influences the DV

• threat to internal validity

practice effect

when a participant changes their responses as a result of experience

pretest-posttest design

conducted within-subjects where the DV is measured before and after the experimental manipulation

repeated-measures analysis of variance (repeated-measures ANOVA)

statistic used in a repeated-measures design with three or more conditions to test whether there is a significant effect of the IV on the DV

repeated-measures design

within-subjects experimental paradigm in which each participant receives every level of the IV and is measured following each level of the IV

research participant pool

school’s list of students who will receive a psychology credit for participating in an experiment

sensitization effect

• participants who have been in a study for some time eventually guess the hypothesis and alter their behavior as a result

• threat to internal validity

t-test for dependent means

statistic that determines whether two sets of scores are different

testing effect

• when taking a test multiple times, it can change overall response to the test

• threat to internal validity

practice effect

performance steadily improves

fatigue effect

performance steadily declines

carryover effect

exposure to earlier experimental conditions influencing responses to subsequent conditions