AUBF6

Sternheimer-Malbin stain

The most frequently used stain in urinalysis

Sternheimer-Malbin

Identifies WBCs, epithelial cells, and casts

Sternheimer-Malbin

Delineates structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm

Toluidine blue

Enhances nuclear detail

Differentiates WBCs and renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells

2% acetic acid

Lyses RBCs and enhances nuclei of WBCs

2% acetic acid

Distinguishes RBCs from WBCs, yeast, oil droplets, and crystals

Lipid stains: Oil Red O and Sudan III

Stain triglycerides and neutral fats orange-red Do not stain cholesterol

Lipid stains: Oil Red O and Sudan III

Identify free fat droplets and lipid-containing cells and casts

Gram stain

Differentiates gram -positive and gram-negative bacteria

Gram stain

Identifies bacterial casts

Hansel stain

Methylene blue and eosin Y stains eosinophilic granules

Hansel stain

Identifies urinary eosinophils

Prussian blue stain

Stains structures containing iron

Prussian blue stain

Identifies yellow-brown granules of hemosiderin in cells and casts

Diopter Adjustment Knob

Can be rotated to compensate for variations in vision between the operator’s eye.

light source

emits light to illuminate the specimen

Rheostat

Regulates the intensity of the light

Condenser

Focuses the light on the specimen

Aperture diaphragm

it is located within the condenser; it controls the amount of light and the angle of light that will pass through the specimen and lens

Bright-field microscopy

Used for routine urinalysis

Phase-contrast microscopy

Enhances visualization of elements with low refractive indices, such as hyaline casts, mixed cellular casts, mucous threads, and Trichomonas

Polarizing microscopy

Aids in identification of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and crystals

Dark-field microscopy

Aids in identification of Treponema pallidum

Fluorescence microscopy

Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent microorganisms or those stained by a fluorescent dye including labeled antigens and antibodies

Interference contrast

Produces a three-dimensional microscopy image and layer by-layer imaging of a specimen

RBC

close resemblance to YEAST cell

7mm in diameter

Approximate size of RBC

Glitter Cells

ale blue leukocytes seen in dilute or hypotonic urine producing a “sparkilng appearance” in their cytoplasm and exhibit Brownian movement.

12mm in diameter

Approximate size of WBC

Lymphocyte

they are the smallest WBCs and may resemble RBCs

Pyuria

increase WBC in URINE

Eosinophil

-it is associated with drug induced in interstitial nephritis

Epithelial Cells

derived from the linings of the genitourinary system

Squamous cell

Vaginal lining and lower portions of female and male urethra

Squamous cell

Largest cell in the urine sediment Has abundant irregular cytoplasm, with central nucleus about the size of RBC

Squamous cell

Least significant of epithelial cells

Transitional/Urothelial/Caudate cell

Lining of renal pelvis, bladder, upper urethra

Transitional/Urothelial/Caudate cell

Has ability of reabsorb large quantities of water

Casts

-Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidney

Tamm-Horsfall Protein

Now called uromodulin, a glycoprotein produce by the RTE cells

Cylindroids

Casts with tapered ends produces at the junction of ascending loop of henle and DCT and have the same significance as casts

Cylinduria

Presence of casts in the urine

Hyaline Casts

Most frequent casts seen in urine

Broad Cast

also known as renal failure cast

WBC

o be considered significant for UTI, bacteria should be accompanied by _____

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

most frequent parasite encountered in the urine

SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM

may cause hematuria because it lacerates the bladder

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS

most common fecal contaminant

Spermatozoa

Easily identified in the urine sediment by their oval, slightly tapered heads and long flagella- like tails

Mucus Threads

Long,thin, wavy threads of ribbbonlike structures with a low refractive index produce by glands and epithelial cells in genitourinary tract and RTE cell

pH

most valuablein the identification of crystals