AP Euro Unit 6

Industrialization took root so quickly in Britain because of access to ___, the building of ___ systems, the rise of ___ as the dominant economic system, ____ for investors, and favorable ___ policies.

raw materials, transport action, capitalism, incentives, government

The First Industrial Revolution was powered by ___ and built with ___ which were in abundance on the British Isles. Additionally, their worldwide ___ gave them access to more raw materials.

coal, iron, empire

All areas of England could easily access some sort of ___, which could cheaply and quickly transport raw materials and manufactured goods.

waterway

By 1815, the steam-powered ___ was invented and by 1860, Britain laid 6,000 miles of iron ___ that facilitated the transport of raw materials and manufactured goods.

locomotive, tracks

Although the British government sponsored the building of railroads and canals, the factory system was a ___ enterprise.

private

The government and institutions like the ___ created incentives for investors by awarding prizes for innovations in technology and agriculture.

British Royal Scoiety for the Arts

The ___ made the productions of manufactured textiles faster and cheaper, the ___ used coal and stream to turn turbines and power machines, and the ___ allowed strong steel to be mass produced.

spinning jenny, steam engine, bessemer process

Favorable government policies contributed to industrialization in Britain. Reforms gave the ___, which represented the working industry, more power in Parliament. They repealed the ___, which levied steep tariffs on imported grain, encouraging people to move to cities for work since cheap grain could be ___ instead of grown.

House of Commons, Corn Laws, imported

The repeal meant of the Corn Laws was part of a larger movement in Parliament to enact ___ agreements. As a result, manufacturing became even more important because exporting manufactured goods became ___.

free trade, cheaper

Britain boasted their industrial dominance at an international celebration in 1851 called the ___. At the center was a massive structure built of steel and glass called the ___.

Great Exhibition, Crystal Palace

Other European nations were not able to industrialize as quickly as Britain because after ___’s defeat, they were left without proper ___ and had to focus on regaining political stability before industrialization.

Napoleon, governments

France was slow to industrialize because of their relative lack of ___ and ___ deposits. However, Napoleon laid the foundation by sponsoring ___ construction and building the ___: a major waterway that connected Paris with the deposits of the North.

coal, iron, railroad, Quentin Canal

The slower pace of industrialization in France led to less ___ upheaval over working conditions.

social

Industrialization occurred in ___ during the Second Industrial Revolution and made it the most powerful of the German States. It was successful due to its large deposits of ___ and ___.

Prussia, coal, iron

While Britain’s industrialization was a mixture of state sponsored and private efforts, Prussia’s was all ___. Under the guidelines of economist Friedrich List’s national system, thousands of miles of ___ linked various parts of the state and created strong ___ necessary for industrialization.

state sponsored, railroads, infrastructure

Prussia led the way in uniting the German states by linking them in a trade agreement called the ___ Agreement. It was a customs union that put a huge ___ around the German states and allowed for ___ with the states.

Zollverein, tariffs, free trade

Although the German states were divided ___, the Zollverein Agreement allowed them to compete ___ with large unified countries like Britain and France. By 1971, agreements like this led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership and created the conditions for ___ to flourish.

politically, economically, industrialization

A second wave of industrialization spread throughout Europe between 1870 and 1914. The mailing building material became ___ instead of iron, and the main fuel source became ___ and ___ instead of coal and steam.

steel, gasoline, electricity

Manchester became one of the world’s most industrialized cities, specializing in manufacturing the ___ that were used to manufacture other goods. By 1898, it was the world’s first industrial ___, which was a portion of the city dedicated completely to manufacturing.

machines, park

Manchester’s rapid industrialization and urbanization came at a high cost, mainly ___ and poor ___ conditions as workers flooded into the city.

pollution, living

___ revolutionized the communication industry. Samuel Morse invented the ___, and a wire was laid across the ___ to connected Britain and the U.S. Alexander Graham Bell made communication even easier through the ___.

Electricity, telegraph, telephone

During the Second Industrial Revolution, ___ became an innovation in chemical engineering which made ___ harder and more durable. This material was widely used in factories to make machines turn and became an effective coating for electric wires. Need for this drove ___ in Africa and South America.

vulcanization, rubber, imperialism

Railroads were a significant feature of the First Industrial Revolution, but during the second, thousands more miles of tracks were laid. This created a ___ economy by linking distant parts of a state. It also facilitated more people moving into ___. Additionally, new trains were ran by the ___ engine, which ran on ___ and was smaller and more efficient than the steam engine.

national, cities, internal combustion, gasoline

As new technologies became increasingly available to ___ people, it created an increased desire for ___ goods and an enhanced quality of life.

middle class, consumer

With the increased demand for consumer goods among the middle class due to industrialization, ___ rose up in the late 19th century and carried clothing, furniture, toys, and more. As a result, shopping became a ___ activity, especially among middle class women.

department stores, leisure

As shopping became a leisure activity, an ___ industry was born. Since so many consumer goods were on the market, corporations had to find ways to make their products ___.

advertising, stand out

In the middle of the Second Industrial Revolution, many industrialized countries experienced an economic ___ in which people lost jobs and production declined. To combat this, governments imposed ___ to boost the domestic economy (Zollverein) and corporations formed a ___ by buying out their competitors.

tariffs, monopoly

With the commercialization and industrialization of ___, Europe experienced better harvests the increased and stabilized the population.

agriculture

Industrialization created a clear division of labor, leading to ___ as classes became increasingly defined. This was mostly true among the ___ since they crowded together in ___ that lacked ventilation and plumbing which lead to the spread of ___.

class consciousness, working class, tenements, disease

Although England was a constitutional monarchy, the people elected were not from the lower class since only ___ men could run. As a result, the laws that were passed protected the upper classes at the working class’ ___. Reforms began to take place when they demanded it from the government.

landed, expense

With class consciousness, the proletariat banded together to provide the support they lacked from the ___ dominated Parliament. They founded ___ in which they pledged to help each other in times of need as if they were family, since they all left their ___ families in rural areas for the cities.

upper-class, mutual-aid societies, extended

As the working class grew and demanded reform, the ___ of 1822 mandated that children under nine could not legally work in factories and required at least two hours of ___ per day.

Factory Act, schooling

The ___ of 1847 restricted the total number of work hours to ten for children 13 to 18 and banned anyone under 13 from working at all.

Although the English government made it seem like they were makin