Motivation, Reward System, Addiction (Modules 19-20)
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39 Terms
Motivation = ?
The internal/external processes that energize and direct behaviour toward goals
Two major motivational directons?
Approach → Move toward reward
Avoidance → Move away from threat
Why did the reward system evolve?
To reinforce survival-promoting behaviours (food, reproduction, caregiving)
Dopamine is mainly the neurotransmitter of…
Motivation / reward anticipation, not pure pleasure
Biggest dopamine misconception?
Dopamine is not simply the “feel-good chemical”
Dopamine especially signals…
Reward prediction / anticipation (“wanting”)
VTA stands for?
Ventral Tegmental Area, major dopamine production site
Striatum function in reward?
Action initiation, habit formation, risk-taking
Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) function?
Integrates incentive info and drives reward-seeking behaviour
Hippocampus role in reward?
Links reward to memory and learning
Amygdala role in reward?
Assigns emotional salience/value
PFC role in reward?
Goal-directed control and regulation of reward circuits
Mesolimbic pathway function?
Reward, motivation, reinforcement
Mesocortical pathway function?
Executive function, planning, goal-directed motivation
Nigrostriatal pathway function?
Motor control
Wanting = ?
Motivation/urge to obtain reward (incentive salience)
Wanting is mainly mediated by…
Dopaminergic pathways
Liking = ?
The hedonic pleasure of the reward
Liking is mediated by…
Opioid + endocannabinoid systems
Do wanting and liking always match?
Usually, but not always
Where can wanting and liking become dissociated?
Addiction
Reward strengthens learning by doing what?
Strengthening neural pathways tied to rewarded behaviour
Addiction causes increased…?
Wanting / craving
Addiction causes decreased…?
Liking / pleasure response
Sensitization = ?
Reward cues trigger stronger craving over time
Tolerance = ?
Need more stimulation for same effect due to receptor downregulation
Why do natural rewards feel less satisfying in addiction?
Dopamine system becomes desensitized / anhedonia develops
Why are adolescents more impulsive/risk-taking?
Limbic reward systems mature earlier than the PFC control system
Intrinsic motivation = ?
Doing something because it is inherently enjoyable/meaningful
Self-Determination Theory’s 3 needs?
Autonomy
Belonging / relatedness
Competence
Undermining effect = ?
External rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation
Evolutionary mismatch = ?
Ancient reward system living in a modern world full of instant rewards
Frequent quick rewards can cause…
Dopamine desensitization, lower motivation for delayed rewards, addiction risk
Which statement is TRUE?
Dopamine mainly signals wanting
Which pathway is most associated with reward?
Mesolimbic
Addiction typically produces:
↑ wanting, ↓ liking
Why are adolescents more risk-taking?
Reward system stronger than control system
Which is NOT part of Self-Determination Theory?
Dominance
The undermining effect means…
External rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation