globsl 10

Globalization

The increasing connection of economies, cultures, and people around the world.

Scientific Revolution

A period of major advances in science during the 1500s–1700s.

Empire

A group of territories ruled by one government or ruler.

Consolidation

The process of combining and strengthening power.

Ottoman Empire

A powerful Muslim empire that controlled parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa from the 1300s to the early 1900s.

Sultan

A Muslim ruler, especially in the Ottoman Empire.

Mughal Empire

A Muslim empire that ruled much of India from the 1500s to the 1800s.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The military government that ruled Japan from 1603–1868.

Absolute Monarch

A ruler with complete authority over a country.

Feudal System

A social system based on land ownership and loyalty between lords and vassals.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of European leaders after Napoleon’s defeat to restore stability.

Enlightened Monarchs

Rulers who adopted Enlightenment ideas while keeping power.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, rights, and science.

Reign of Terror

Period during the French Revolution when thousands were executed.

Jacobins

Radical political group during the French Revolution.

Estate System

Social hierarchy in France before the Revolution.

King Louis XIV

French king known for absolute rule and Versailles.

King Louis XVI

French king executed during the French Revolution.

Robespierre

Leader of the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon

French military leader who became emperor and conquered much of Europe.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt that created Haiti.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Revolutionary who declared Haiti’s independence.

Simon Bolívar

South American leader who helped win independence from Spain.

Latin American Revolutions

Independence movements throughout Latin America in the early 1800s.

Catherine the Great

Powerful empress who expanded Russia and promoted modernization.

Nationalism

Pride and loyalty toward one’s nation.

Industrial Revolution

Shift from hand production to machine manufacturing.

Agricultural Revolution

Improvements in farming that increased food production.

Natural Resources

Materials from nature used by humans.

Child Labor

Employment of children in workplaces, often under harsh conditions.

Laissez Faire

Economic policy with little government involvement in business.

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to migration from rural areas.

Unions

Organizations formed by workers to improve wages and conditions.

Social Classes

Groups divided by wealth, occupation, or status.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and profit.

Free Market

Economy where prices are determined by supply and demand.

Communism

System where property and resources are owned collectively.

Proletariat

Working class in Marxist theory.

Bourgeoisie

Middle and upper class who own businesses and property.

Irish Potato Famine

Mass starvation in Ireland caused by potato crop failure.

Meiji Restoration

Period when Japan modernized and restored imperial rule.

Westernization

Adoption of Western ideas, technology, and culture.

Factory

Building where goods are produced by workers and machines.

Pollution

Harmful contamination of the environment.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who developed communist theory.

Adam Smith

Economist known as the father of capitalism.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation’s power over other territories.

Sepoy Rebellion

Indian uprising against British rule in 1857.

British East India Company

British trading company that controlled much of India.

Opium

Addictive drug central to trade disputes between Britain and China.

Opium War

Conflict between Britain and China over the opium trade.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China.

Spheres of Influence

Areas where foreign nations have economic or political control.

Treaty of Nanjing

Agreement ending the First Opium War and favoring Britain.

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese uprising against foreign influence.

Berlin Conference

Meeting where European powers divided Africa.

Missionary

Person who travels to spread religious beliefs.

Violent Resistance

Opposition using force or warfare.

Nonviolent Resistance

Opposition using peaceful methods.

Adapting

Changing to fit new conditions.

Belgian Congo

African colony controlled by Belgium.

The Black Man’s Burden

Idea that colonized people should determine their own future.

The White Man’s Burden

Belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize others.

Natural Resources

Materials found in nature that are useful to people.

Militarism

Building up military strength and preparing for war.

Alliances

Agreements between countries to support one another.

Nationalism

Strong loyalty and pride in one’s nation.

Assassination

The murder of an important political figure.

Trench Warfare

Fighting from defensive trenches during World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended World War I and punished Germany.

Bolshevik

Member of the communist party that took power in Russia.

Totalitarianism

Government with complete control over citizens.

Appeasement

Giving in to demands to avoid conflict.

Total War

Mobilization of all a nation’s resources for war.

World War One

Global conflict fought from 1914–1918.

World War II

Global conflict fought from 1939–1945.

Holocaust

Nazi genocide that killed about six million Jews.

Atomic Bomb

Extremely powerful weapon using nuclear reactions.

Cold War

Political tension between the United States and Soviet Union after WWII.

Soviet Union

Communist state that existed from 1922–1991.

Non-Alignment

Policy of not formally joining either Cold War side.

Perestroika

Soviet economic reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev.

Glasnost

Soviet policy encouraging openness and free discussion.

Domino Theory

Belief that if one nation became communist, neighboring nations would follow.

Decolonization

The process by which colonies gained independence from foreign rule.

Violent Resistance

Using force or warfare to fight against control or oppression.

Nonviolent Resistance

Using peaceful protests and civil disobedience to create change.

Partition

The division of a region into separate political territories.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese revolutionary leader who helped establish communist Vietnam.

Gandhi

Indian leader who promoted nonviolent resistance against British rule.

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader who guided Ghana to independence from Britain.

Chinese Civil War

Conflict between Chinese Nationalists and Communists.

Zionism

Movement supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Palestine

Region in the Middle East claimed by both Israelis and Palestinians.

Decolonization in Vietnam

Vietnam’s struggle to gain independence from France.

Decolonization in India

India’s movement for independence from Britain.

Indian Revolution

Movement that led to India’s independence in 1947.

Decolonization in Kenya

Kenya’s movement for independence from Britain.

Iranian Revolution

1979 revolution that replaced Iran’s monarchy with an Islamic republic.