ZOOL 2023 Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Vocabulary flashcards covering fluid compartments, hormonal regulation, electrolyte imbalances, acid-base regulation, and basic cell division outcomes based on lecture notes.

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

The fluid within cells, making up approximately $2/3$ of total body fluid.

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

The fluid outside of cells, making up approximately $1/3$ of total body fluid, subdivided into interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

Preformed $H_2O$

Water taken into the body through food and drink, totaling approximately $2300\,ml/day$.

Metabolic $H_2O$

Water produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration, totaling approximately $200\,ml/day$.

Volume depletion

A type of fluid imbalance where isotonic fluid is lost and osmolarity remains constant.

Dehydration

A fluid imbalance where water is lost in excess of solutes, resulting in changed osmolarity; often caused by sweating.

Hypotonic hydration

Also known as water intoxication or hyponatremia; occurs when drinking water faster than the kidneys can excrete it, diluting the blood and decreasing osmolarity.

Fluid sequestration

The abnormal distribution of body fluid where it accumulates in a particular location, such as edema.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys and constricts arterioles to increase blood pressure.

Aldosterone

A hormone released by the adrenal gland that facilitates the reabsorption of $Na^+$ and water into the bloodstream and increases the excretion of $K^+$.

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

A hormone that increases urinary salt and water loss (natriuresis), thereby decreasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Natriuresis

The excessive loss of sodium ($Na^+$) in the urine.

Aquaporins

Protein channels inserted into the plasma membrane of collecting tubule cells in response to ADH to increase water flow into the bloodstream.

Hyponatremia

A lower-than-normal concentration of sodium ($Na^+$) in the blood.

Hyperkalemia

An elevated potassium ($K^+$) blood level.

Normal Blood pH

The physiological range of blood pH maintained between $7.35$ and $7.45$.

Protein buffers

The most abundant buffer system in body cells and blood; includes hemoglobin.

Bicarbonate-Carbonic acid buffer

An important regulator of blood pH and the most abundant buffer system in the extracellular fluid (ECF).

Hypercapnia

Abnormally elevated blood levels of $CO_2$.

Respiratory acidosis

A condition resulting from high $PCO_2$ due to inadequate exhalation of $CO_2$, causing blood pH to fall below $7.35$.

Metabolic alkalosis

A condition resulting from high $[HCO_3^-]$ levels due to nonrespiratory loss of acid (such as vomiting) or excessive intake of alkaline drugs.

Mitosis Outcome

The production of two diploid cells at the end of the cell division process.

Meiosis Outcome

The production of four haploid cells at the end of meiosis II.