neoplasm/cancer

neoplasm is

new, uncontrolled cell growth

neoplastic cells characteristics

• keep dividing

• ignore growth control

• dont die when they should

• compete w/ normal cells

benign tumors are

• localized

• encapsulated

• slower growth

• well differentiated

• dont metastasize

benign tumors usually

cause compression problems

malignant tumors are

• rapid growth

• poorly differentiated

• invasive

• nonfunctional

• metastasize

benign tumors end in

oma

malignant epithelial tumors end in

carcinoma

malignant connective tissue tumors end in

sarcoma

malignant tumor patho

• invade nearby tissue

• compress blood supply

• ischemia and necrosis

• obstruction

• ulceration

• bleeding

• spread to distant organs

local tumor effects

• pain

• obstruction

• tissue necrosis

• ulceration

• bleeding

• infection

• compression of nearby structures

system effects of tumor

• weight loss

• cachexia

• anorexia

• fatigue

• anemia

• infection

• bleeding

• effusions

angiogenesis

• tumors secrete growth hormones

• formation of new blood vessels

paraneoplastic syndrome

release substances that affect neurologic function and may have hormonal affects

tumor invasion

local spread into nearby tissues

tumor metastasis

spread to distant sites

• blood, lymph, body fluids

cancer staging

• t = tumor size

• n= lymph node involvement

• m - metastasis

carciogenesis is

process of cancer development

inititation

first irreversible dna mutation

promotion

more mutations, increased growth

progression

tumors becomes malignant and spreads

diagnostics

• imaging

• tumor markers

• cytology/histology

• biopsy

multiple myeloma patho

• increase production of plasma cells in bone marrow

• multiple tumors in bone

multiple myeloma s/s

• onset, insidious

• malignancy well advanced

• pain in bone

• anemia and bleeding

• decrease kidney function, failure