Week 2b: Infancy (>1)

Gillooly

Language Development

for most infants, they are either verbal or non-verbal

verbal: expressive (spoken) and receptive (understood)

non-verbal: motions, gestures, and posture

Newborns (Communication)

pre-verbal; reflexive like involuntary sounds; crying, movement, and faces

2 Months (Communication)

cooing, fussing, crying, and laughing

3-4 Months (Communication)

repetitive sounds, babbling, sounding out vowels and some consonants

7-8 Months (Communication)

syllables d, p, and b are very common

9-10 Months (Communication)

specific and consistent sounds to refer to object

10-13 Months (Communication)

first words; single words have several meanings

Separation Anxiety

when an infant begins to cry once their parental figure leaves or is not in view of them

Stranger Anxiety

when an infant is distressed when anyone else other than their parent

2 Months (Milestone)

• lifts up their head

• moves their arms and legs

• react when there are loud noises

• calm down when picked up

4 Months (Milestone)

• opens mouth when hungry

• cooing noises

• props themself with their elbows

• holds an object in their hand

6 Months (Milestone)

• reaches for a toy they want

• laughs fully

• makes “conservation” by making noises back and forth

9 Months (Milestone)

• bangs objects together

• sits up by themself

• makes sounds with repeated syllables

• raises their arms when they want something

12 Months (Milestone)

• places smaller things into larger things

• wave when someone is leaving

• uses thumb and pointer to pick up things

• pull themselves up to a standing position

Infant Hearing

most advanced sense and is perceived by 4 months

Infant Vision

least mature sense and binocular vision by 3 months

Infant Smell & Taste

functions at birth and adapts to environment (surroundings and culture)

Infant Touch

acute at birth and desires specific touches

Infant Pain & Temperature

connected to pain

Cephalocaudal

development from the head down

Proximodistal

development from the center of the body outward

Gross Motor Skills

physical abilities involving large body movements, like walking and jumping

• learn to sit, pull to stand, stand alone, walk well, walk backwards, run, and jump

Fine Motor Skills

small muscles and body movements, like hands and fingers

• drawing and picking up small things

Object Permanence

when babies understand that people and objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight

• not present at birth and develops around 4 to 7 months

Sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs)

deaths occurring in infants younger than 1 year old with no immediately obvious cause

Sensorimotor (Piaget)

infant cognitive stage

early reflexes → mastering skills to interact with the environment → sensory and motor activities used for problem solving

Primary Circular Reaction

baby’s action causes a reaction

ex. baby does something → finds pleasure → wants to keep doing it

Secondary Circular Reaction

baby’s action results in repeated reaction from object or person

ex. shakes object → finds interest → keeps shaking

Tertiary Circular Reaction

baby’s action turns into a novel reaction from object or person

ex. do something → fascinated → wants to know what else they can do