Biology (H) Ch 37 Study

community

assemblage of different populations/species of organisms living close together and interacting

interspecific interactions

relationships with individuals of the other species in the community

what are the 6 types of interspecific interactions

interspecific competition, mutualism, predation, herbivory, parasites and pathogens, commensalism

interspecific competition, effect on both populations and why, 1 example

populations of two different species compete from the same limited resources, both populations get negative effect because they are both using energy to compete, example is desert plants competing for water

effect mutualism interaction on both populations, 1 example

both populations benefit, example is pollinators getting food from flowers and pollinators help spread flower seeds to many areas

effect predation interaction of both populations, and why, usually occurs between ___

one population benefits and other population results in negative effect, because predators eat prey, usually occurs between animals,

prey have learned to defend themselves in 2 ways

camoflauge, and physical defenses

effect herbivory interaction on both populations, and why

one population benefits and other results in negative effect, because animal population eats plant population

plants have learned to defend themselves in 2 ways

thorns/spikes, poison

parasites+pathogens interactions effect on both organisms, and why

one population benefits and other results in negative effect, because parasites+pathogens live on organisms to reproduce and survive but causes the host to get sick

commensalism interaction effect on both organisms, 1 example

one population is benefited and the other population is not affected, example is barnacles sit on whales in order to travel, and this does not harm or benefit the whale

ecological niche + 1 example

sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic factors in an environment, example is that bird’s ecological niche consists of their nest sites and building materials and food it eats

coevolution

biological process where a change in one species acts as a selective pressure to make a change on another species, overall affecting their evolution

trophic structure

pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels

food chain

sequence of food transfers from producers through levels of consumers in an ecosystem

food chains move ____ from ____ to ____ through all trophics level

energy from producers to consumers

5 levels of food chain from top to bottom

quaternary consumers, tertiary consumers, secondary consumers, primary consumers, producers

quaternary consumers usually eat ____, where is it in food chain, 2 examples

usually eat tertiary consumers or anything, top of food chain, examples are hawks and killer whales

tertiary consumers usually eat ___, 1 example

seconday consumers, snake

secondary consumers usually eat ___, what animal is usually secondary consumers, 3 examples

usually eat primary consumers, carnivores(eat meat), examples are mice, birds, lions

primary consumers usually eat ___, what animal is usually primary consumer, 1 example

usually eat producers, herbivores(eat plants), example is grasshopper

producers do what for food chain, 2 example

bottom of food chain that supports entire food chain,algae or phytoplankton

most ecosystems have these two consumers

secondary and tertiary consumers

detritus

animal or plant remains of dead organisms (like roadkill)

scavengers + 2 examples

animals that eat detritus left from predators or roadkill, examples of scavengers are vultures and wolves

detritvores + 2 examples

organisms eat decaying organic matter from scavengers leftovers, examples are detritvores are earthworms and millipedes

decomposers (2), obtain ___, they are heterotrophs or autotrophs

bacteria or fungi that overgo decomposition (breakdown of organic materials), from doing this they can obtain chemical energy, they are heterotrophs

decomposition

breakdown of organic materials to inorganic materials

food web, what can it help show?

a whole bunch of food chains put together, provides a bigger picture of that a consumer eating more than one type of producer, vice versa

species diversity is defined by two components and definitions of those

defined by species richness (number of species in community), and relative abundance (how common a species is in a certain location)

monoculture + 1 example

single species grown over a wide area, like crops on a field

why can pathogens easily attack monocultures

monocultures don’t have much genetic diversity, so if a pathogen can attack one organism, it can affect whole populatiion

keystone species, if the species is removed what happens, 1 example

species whose impact on a community is much larger than its abundance, if the species is removed the entire community will collapse, like sea urchins prevent seaweed from harming coral reefs but when sea urchins are taken out, the coral reefs die and the whole community collapses

disturbances + examples

events that change communities by removing organisms or altering avaliability of resources, examples are fires, floods, storm, human activity

small-scale disturbances often have ______ effects, 1 example

positive effects and aren’t always negative, like when a tree falls it could provide more sunlight for plants under it

ecological succession

one group of organisms is replaced by a different more complex group of organisms over time

what are the two examples of ecological succession

primary succession and secondary succession

primary succession starts with what, 1 life form present, how is soil formed, how long does this take to grow plants, 1 example of it

ecological succession starting in lifeless area with no soil, life form is bacteria, soil is formed from breakdown of rocks, takes a thousands of years, example is rubble left behind volcanic lava

secondary succession occurs when, how long it takes for ecological succession to occur now, 2 example of it

when a disturbance destroys a community but leaves soil intact, more quicker process, it is where areas recover from fire or floods

_____ are the most significant causes for disturbance

people

invasive species, can do what to environments, they are leading causes for _____, 1 example

organisms that have been introduced to non-native habitats, and damages the environments, leading causes for extinctions, python was brought to florida by accident and pythons ate a bunch of native animals

_______ are usually far away from original point of introduction

invasive species

ecosystem

consists of biotic and abiotic factors of an environment

energy flow, can start where

energy moving in a one-way flow THROUGH the components of an ecosystem, could start with the energy of sun

chemical cycle

transfer of materials WITHIN the ecosystem like a cycle

chemical elements are cycled between ____ and _____ components of the ecosystem

biotic and abiotic

energy and chemical cycling involve transfer of substances through ___________ of the ecosystem

trophic levels, like a food chain

how much solar energy does the earth receive daily, and what happens to the energy

a LOT LOT LOT LOT LOT of solar energy, the energy can be absorbed, scattered, or reflected in the atmosphere

primary production, can make ____, how much visible light that reaches autotrophs is used for it?

process of converting solar energy by photosynthesis into chemical energy, can help make organic material, only 1% of visible light is used for primary production

gross primary production

total amount of primary production during a certain time period

net primary production

organisms use some organic material from primary production to fuel their own cellular respiration, so the organic material remaining is net

forests and wetlands have what kind of primary production, how much biodiversity, and why type of primary production

they have high primary production, alot of biodiversity, because they have access to the resources needed for photosynthesis

deserts and open ocean have what kind of primary production, how much biodiversity, and why type of primary production

low primary production, not a lot of biodiversity, because they don’t have much access to resources needed for photosynthesis

3 biomes that undergo high primary production

forest, wetlands, coral reefs

2 biomes that undergo low primary production

deserts and open ocean

in energy pyramids which level usually has most energy, and how much percentage each trophic level does the pyramid use, and 2 ways how is the energy lost?

the bottom level has the most energy, and each level it uses 10% of the previous trophic level, can be lost as heat or get decomposed

why do food chains/energy pyramids limit to 3-5 levels?

there is not enough energy at the very top of the energy pyramid to support another level

life can depend on the ________ of chemicals, why?

recycling (reusing), because the chemicals aren't found outside of earth

biogeochemical cycles

chemical cycles that include biotic and abiotic components of an environment

abiotic reservoirs, found in…, 1 example

chemicals accumulate in a certain area away from living organisms, found in biogeochemical cycles, like in carbon cycle the CO2 in atmosphere

in biogeochemical cycles the producers use ________ from abiotic reservoirs to make ______

inorganic molecules, to make organic molecules

decomposition returns ____ back to the environment in order for those to make ____

elements, to make organic matter

carbon cycle depends on 2 things, and cycles between 2 “spheres”

photosynthesis and cellular respiration, cycles between atmosphere and biosphere

phosphorus cycle depends on 1 thing, and cycles between 2 “spheres”

depends on weathering of rocks, and cycles between geosphere and biosphere

weathering of rocks meaning for phosphorus cycle

breaking down of rocks

____ are the main source of phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems

rocks

why is phosphate a limiting factor in phosphorus cycle

they are transferred too quickly from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems in the cycle before they could get replaced

nitrogen cycle depends on 1 factor, what are the 2 “spheres” It cycles

depends on bacteria, cycles between atmosphere and biosphere

what are 2 abiotic reservoirs in nitrogen cycle

soil, and the atmosphere

how much nitrogen gas (N2) is in atmopshere

around 80%

nitrogen fixation in nitrogen cycle

converts nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia or ammonium

heterotroph + example

organisms that cannot produce their own food and need to consume other organisms, example is animals

autotrophs + 2 examples

organisms that can produce their own food, examples are plants and algae

what can denitrifying bacteria do in the soil in nitrogen cycle

it can convert both nitrates and nitrites back to atmospheric nitrogen gas

what does nitrifying bacteria do in soil in nitrogen cycle

converts ammonium (NH4+) to nitrates and nitrites

how do animals/plants eat nitrogen in nitrogen cycle

plants can assimilate nitrates and nitrites, and then animals eat those plants

assimilation meaning in nitrogen cycle

process where organisms get nutrients or energy from their environment

do all nitrates and nitrites get assimilated by plants? if not, where do they go?

not all of them but some. some of the nitrates and nitrites do denitrifcation

eutrophication, uses two elements, leads to ____, occurs because of..?

process where water is REALLY full of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus which can lead to excessive algae growth, harming the environment, occurs because of water pollution