Language Disorders Final Exam Study Guide

What is an IFSP?

Individualized family service plan, similar to an IEP but for children 0-5. Reevaluated annually and reviewed at least every six months.

What is family-centered practice?

Where families play a key role in treatment; Providing learning opportunities, knowledge, & feedback and Individualizing services, Involving families in decision-making

Who receives early intervention (EI)?

Infants & toddlers with developmental delay or a diagnosed condition affecting development related to: physical, cognitive, communication, social & emotional, adaptive skills. Established risk: Developmental disorder, Autism, Chronic medical illnesses, Genetic syndromes, Vision or hearing impairment. Congenital malformations; At-risk: Prematurity, Low birthweight, Abuse or neglect, Limited prenatal care, Caregiver mental illness, Caregiver substance abuse

Define and give an example of 2 responsive strategies

Self talk : Narrating what you are doing in simple terms

Parallel talk : Narrating the child's actions in simple terms

Imitation : Copying the child's vocalizations, actions, or gestures

What is the difference between child-centered, clinician-directed, and hybrid approaches?

Child centered : super play based, less structured, child leads the session

Clinician directed : more drill based, more structured, clinician directed

Hybrid: Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching (PMT): for kids not using verbal or AAC communication, main principles = arrange environment, follow the child's lead, types of prompts: time delay, verbal prompts, gaze intersection, MODELS = natural consequences

2 key principles of school-age language intervention

use curriculum-based instruction, collaborate

EBP Semantic Instruction Strategies

Increased exposure: oral and written input; Use direct teaching strategies: explicit instruction and discussion, repetition, use in sentences, etc.

Describe a therapy task you might use to address complex syntax

Focused stimulation, matching pictures with sentences, sentence building and completion activities. EX: sentence completion, insert correct adverb into a given sentence: Weather in some parts of the country has been ____ hot

What are the two types of stroke?

Ischemic: blood clot or plawue obstructs an artery, blood flow is cut off to the brain. AND Hemorrhagic: blood vessel in brain ruptures causing bleeding in brain

In your own words, what is aphasia?

Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to the language centers in an individual's brain

Risk factors for stroke

Uncontrollable: age, gender, race/ethnicity, family history; controllable: high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, etc.

Difference between fluent and nonfluent aphasia

Nonfluent: common site of lesion is frontal lobe, short, choppy sentences, grammatical errors, slow, labored speech. Fluent: common site of lesion is temporal-parietal lobes, flows naturally, content affected, normal phrase length

What is PPA? include 2 communication challenges these individuals might experience.

Primary Progressive Aphasia - rare, progressive neurological condition, type of frontotemporal dementia, degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes (language and executive functioning), symptoms worsen over time COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES: reduced speaking rate, word-finding, semantic errors

When do we typically see most improvements/recovery in stroke patients?

1-3 months post stroke - biggest improvements, faster treatment, better outcomes. functional recovery can continue in years following the stroke

In your own words, what is the Life Participation Approach to aphasia?

person-centered, consideration of family involvement and environment, places life concerns at the center of decision-making

2 main types of word retrieval cueing strategies

Semantic cues; phonological cues

Discuss PACE and conversational coaching

PACE: goal is improving overall communication, multimodal communication approach; Conversational Coaching: multimodal, strategies for effective communication: asking questions for clarifications, writing key words, etc.

What is dementia?

deterioration of cognitive and linguistic functions affecting attention, memory, etc.

Risk factors for dementia

sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diabetes, excessive alcohol, obesity, etc.

Communication and cognitive challenges, "preserved" skills in dementia

challenges: word-finding, forgetting events and personal history, speaking less frequently. preserved skills: reading, storytelling, music, dancing

How might parkinson's disease affect communication and cognition?

Attention: maintaining; Processing: delayed responses; Executive Functioning: planning and completing tasks, decision-making; Memory: short and long-term memory

Reality orientation dementia approach

promoting engagement and orientation (person, place, time, situation)

Environmental modifications dementia approach

cognitive: labels and signs; visual: visual age; auditory: minimize background noise

External aids dementia approach

individualized, including specific instruction (checklists, planners, etc.)

Reminiscence Therapy dementia approach

external memory aids used to stimulate conversations about past events and experiences (e.g. photos)

Spaced retrieval dementia approach

memory exercise to work on recalling information over increasing time intervals (personal like room number, birthdate, etc.)

Phonology

speech sounds

Morphology

internal organization of word parts

Syntax

sentence structure

Pragmatics

social aspect of language

Semantics

vocabulary; word meaning

Primary vs Secondary language diagnosis

Primary: DLD/LLE; Secondary: ASD/Hearing Loss

Explain 2-3 characteristics of LLE

Absence of 2-word combinations by 24 months, Delayed gestures (receptive and/or expressive), Expressive vocabulary of <50 words by 24 months

Identify or list at least 2 risk factors for LLE

Delayed motor development , Prematurity and/or low birthweight

Describe possible outcomes for late language emergers

May demonstrate some difficulties at school-age and adolescence in complex language skills (e.g.,narrative), Reading and spelling, and Vocabulary and syntax

Describe 1 distinguishing factor between young children with autism and LLE/language delay

ASD: avoids nonverbal cues and may prefer to be alone; trouble w socializing; LLE: may try to communicate nonverbally and build stronger bonds with people close to them

2 "hallmark" characteristics of DLD

Omission of morphosyntactic markers; Producing and understanding complex syntax

Besides those 2 "hallmarks," list 2 other common language characteristics of DLD

May have difficulties with phonological processing and phonological awareness:

Discrimination and categorization of speech sounds; Manipulating speech sounds

1 example of a diagnosis that commonly co-occurs with DLD

Dyslexia

Briefly discuss 1 similarity and 1 difference between common language characteristics of autism and DLD

Similarity: they go hand-in-hand with another type of language delay; Difference: ASD = pragmatic challenges and DLD mostly language based (struggle w syntax, semantics, etc.)

Briefly describe the 2 main diagnostic criteria for autism

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts; Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

1 example of a diagnosis that commonly co-occurs with autism

ADHD

List 3 common early signs of autism

Not respond to their name by 12 months of age, Avoid eye contact and want to be alone, Not play pretend games

What is echolalia?

involuntary, automatic repetition of words, phrases, or sounds spoken by others. Immediate or delayed; Scripting (Meaningful for communication, regulation, and processing)

Describe 1 common characteristic of form, content, and use in kids

Form : canonical babbling, echolalia, and atypical vocalizations

Content : Concrete/literal definitions possible difficulty with figurative language ; Pronoun reversals

Use : Perspective-taking and emotion understanding (Theory of Mind)

Explain 1 reason why autism in females tends to be misdiagnosed or undiagnosed

Less "obvious symptoms" and Internalization; Often better at masking it or scripting what others do to look like they are doing what everyone else is doing

What are the most common age groups who experience TBI?

Older adults (greater than 75 years old); Adolescents;

Young children (less than 4 years old)

What are the most common causes of TBI in each age group?

Older adults (greater than 75 years old) : falls

Adolescents : car accidents and sports

Young children (less than 4 years old) : falls and play ; could also be neglect

What is executive functioning (EF)? 3 examples of EF skills

Help us organize, problem solve, plan, regulate emotions, etc. in order to complete everyday tasks. E.g.:

Working memory

Inhibition control

Cognitive flexibility (planning, reasoning, problem solving)

Describe 3 common characteristics (language or cognitive) of TBI

Attention

Problem solving

Memory

List 2 factors that influence the effect of hearing impairment on language

Age of implantation; Linguistic environment (Parental language input

MLU)

How might a young child with suspected hearing loss present differently from a child with severe or profound hearing loss?

A young child with suspected hearing loss may have difficulty discriminating speech in noisy settings or they may leave off grammatical morphemes, short words, and higher-frequency & lower volume phonemes and have a smaller vocabulary and shorter utterances/sentences.; However, a child with severe or profound hearing loss may not develop any speech or language skills or may lose preexisting skills.

1 way HI/CI can affect form, content, and use

Form : Lower scores on phonological awareness skills than peers with normal hearing; Content: Children with CIs performed more poorly than normal hearing, same-age peers on tasks of fast mapping and retention of new word; Use: Individuals may exhibit reduced participation in social interactions and increased listening fatigue.

1 way child maltreatment can affect form, content, and use

Form: may omit grammatical morphemes; Content: reduced, less diverse vocabulary; Use: Using a significantly higher frequency of grammatical negations

1 way child learning disability can affect form, content, and use

Form : a child with dyslexia might struggle with phonological processing and phonological retrieval; Content : may have limited vocabulary or difficulty finding the right words; Use: A child may struggle with the social rules of communication