[HISTO 102] Road to World War I

search for allies and preparation for war

Militaristic causes for World War I

nationalism in the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Political cause for World War I

France v Germany and Austria v Russia

These are the two belligerent (hostile and aggressive) groups created in Europe after 1871.

Franco-Prussian War of 1871

Origin of the France and Germany rivalry

Second French Empire falls

Result of the Franco-Prussian of War of 1871

January 18, 1871

When was the German Empire proclaimed?

Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles

Where was the German Empire proclaimed?

Treaty of Frankfurt

This is the treaty decreed that officially ended the Franco-Prussian War, marking the victory of the German Empire over the French Third Republic.

Alsace and Lorraine

These are the provinces that France was to cede to Germany according to the Treaty of Frankfurt.

May 10, 1871

When was the Treaty of Frankfurt signed?

5 billion Francs

This is the amount of war indemnity that France was to pay to Germany according to the Treaty of Frankfurt.

indemnity is paid in full

Until when would the military occupation of part of France would last according to the Treaty of Frankfurt.

Wilhelm I

The Treaty of Frankfurt demanded that France accept and recognize this man be named Kaiser.

German Emperor

English translation of Kaiser.

invade

After 1871, France believed that the Germans would _____ again.

revenge

After 1871, Germany believed that the French would seek _____.

Slav nationalities

Which group/s did the Russians stimulate nationalism in which the Austrians predicted would result in war?

Balkan Peninsula

Which territory did the Russians want to expand to which they believed Austria was an obstacle to?

Belligerent Status

This encouraged the start of a search for allies in order to strengthen them in case war breaks out.

isolation

This was the over-all aim of Germany for France for fear of their revenge.

Otto von Bismarck

This is the principal proponent of Germany’s search for allies.

diplomacy

This was the method employed by Germans in their search for allies.

long period of peace

This is what the Germans needed in order to develop into a major European power.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia

Members of the Three Emperor League established in 1873.

Wilhelm I; Franz Joseph II; Alexander II

Germany: _____; Austria-Hungary: _____; Russia: _____ (Empire and their Emperor)

absolute monarchy and anti nationalist and liberal revolutions

These are the commonalities of the members of the Three Emperor League.

Hohenzollern; Habsburg; Romanov

Germany: _____; Austria: _____; Russia: _____ (Empire and their ruling family)

Bismarck’s

_____ aim was to prevent France from establishing an alliance with Austria and Russia.

Austria and Russia

These are the members of the Three Emperors League that both wanted to acquire the Balkan Peninsula.

Austria; Russia

West: _____; East: _____ (Bismarck’s solution to the Balkan Peninsula)

Congress of Berlin

Major Problem with the Three Emperors League: Germany allowed Austria to block Russian expansion in the _____ of _____ (1878)

prior agreement

Major Problem with the Three Emperors League: Bismarck’s solution was that no territorial changes shall take place without _____ _____.

1873 to 1890

Duration of the Three Emperors League

France

To whom did Russia establish an alliance with after the dissolution of the Three Emperors League to Bismarck’s horror.

Germany and Austria-Hungary

Members of the Dual Alliance

1879

When was the Dual Alliance established?

German culture and common distrust for Russia

These are the commonalities between members of the Dual Alliance.

Holy Roman Empire

The members of the Dual Alliance were part of which great empire?

provide support in case of attack

This is a provision of the Dual Alliance.

France; Russia

Germany: _____; Austria: _____ (Support provision of the Dual Alliance)

benevolent neutrality

A provision of the Dual Alliance is to exercise _____ _____ to the other if one of them was attacked by another European power (France).

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Members of the Triple Alliance

1882

When was the Triple Alliance established?

North Africa

Triple Alliance: Italy looked for support against France after it lost in her ambitions to occupy _____ _____.

general provision

To provide mutual support for one another in case of an attack by another great power is a _____ _____ of the Triple Alliance.

support

Triple Alliance: Germany and Austria was to _____ if it was attacked by France.

assist

Triple Alliance: Italy was to _____ Germany if it was attacked by France.

remain neutral

Triple Alliance: Italy was to _____ _____ in a war between Austria and Russia.

Germany and Russia

Members of the Reinsurance Treaty

1887 to 1890

When was the Reinsurance Treaty established?

neutral

Reinsurance Treaty: The main provision of the was that members must remain _____ if the other was involved in a war with a third great power.

two-front

As Russia pledged to remain neutral in case of a war between France and Germany it was assured that there would be no _____ war for Germany.

Bulgaria

Germany agreed to the Russian sphere of influence in _____.

Black Sea

Germany agreed to support Russia to keep the _____ _____ as its own preserve.

Wilhelm II

Who allowed for the Reinsurance Treaty to expire in 1890 which went against the advice of Bismarck?

Italy and Austria-Hungary

From which countries did Germany successfully isolate France from?

Pan-Slavism; Balkans

The aim of Austria was to prevent Russian propaganda of _____ in the _____.

Slavs

They constituted the majority population in the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Germany and Italy

These were the strong allies that Austria gained to defend its interest in the Balkan Sea.

defend

France’s aim was to _____ against German attack.

France and Russia

Members of the Franco-Russian Alliance.

1894

When was the Franco-Russian Alliance established?

all

Russia was to employ _____ her available forces to attack Germany if France is attacked by Germany or by Italy supported by Germany.

all

France was to employ _____ her available forces to attack Germany if Russia is attacked by Germany or by Austria supported by Germany.

Reinsurance Treaty

The Franco-Russian Treaty became possible after the discontinuation of the _____ _____.

money

What did Russia loan from France as part of the Franco-Russian Alliance?

modernization; military

The loan the Russia received from France allowed the _____ of its _____.

1889

Year dedicated to the recovery after the Franco-Prussian War.

1889 Paris Exposition

This signified French recovery after the Franco-Prussian War.

Eiffel Tower

This is a symbolic image of French recovery after the Franco-Prussian War.

1889

When was the Eiffel Tower inaugurated?

Franco-Russian Alliance

This broke France’s diplomatic isolation and assured France of an ally in a war against Germany.

France and Britain

Members of the Entente Cordiale

1904

When was the Entente Cordiale established?

France, Russia, and Britain

Members of the Triple Entente

1907

When was the Triple Entente established?

Franco-Russian, Entente Cordiale, and Triple Entente

These are France’s alliance prior to World War I which broke France’s isolation to Bismarck’s utter dissapointment.

Britain and Russia

These are the powerful allies gained by France.

oppose

Russia’s aim was to _____ Germany’s alliance with Austria.

ally

The Franco-Russian alliance allowed Russia to find an _____ in a war against Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.

protected by a powerful navy

Why is it that Britain did not need alliances?

left outside

Britain’s aim was to not get _____ _____ of the two power blocs in Europe.

Germany and France

These are the countries that Britain had an options of forming an alliance with.

Anglo-Saxon

Britain and Germany came from which common racial stock?

sea power and foreign markets

These are the cons of entering an alliance with the Germans for Britain.

entangled alliance

In 1914, it was commonplace in Europe to have _____ _____.

emboldened

The existence of alliances _____ European nations to go to war.

Militarism

A philosophy that places excessive importance on military power.

First Principle of Militarism in Europe

The domination of the military man over the civilian.

Second Principle of Militarism in Europe

Undue preponderance of military demands.

Third Principle of Militarism in Europe

Emphasis on military considerations.

war

This was seen as the best way of dealing with foreign rivals and settling international disputes.

1871 to 1914

Duration of Militarism in Europe

making invasion plans, building bigger armies, and investing on military technology

These are the manifestations of militarism.

Schlieffen Plan

Other term for the German Invasion Plan

Alfred von Schlieffen, Chief German General Staff

The German Invasion Plan was named after this man.

Alfred von Schlieffen

He anticipated a war on two fronts.

France; Russia

West: _____; East: _____ (two war-fronts according to Schlieffen for Germany)

France

Which country did Schlieffen wanted to attack first as it was able to mobilize its army faster?

Schlieffen Plan

To attack France by passing through Luxembourg and Belgium then turning southwards to encircle the French army on the German border.