Chapter 13: Study Guide

What is the average total blood volume in an adult male?

5-6 liters.

What is the average total blood volume in women?

approximately 4-5 liters.

What percent of body weight is composed of blood?

Blood makes up approximately 7-8% of a person's total body weight. The average adult has about 5-6 liters of blood in their body.

What percentage of blood cells and plasma make up blood volume?

Blood cells make up about 45% of blood volume, while plasma makes up about 55%.

What are the organic and inorganic components of blood?

The organic components of blood include proteins, such as albumin and globulins, while the inorganic components include electrolytes like sodium and potassium.

What blood cell is the most abundant?

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are the most abundant type of blood cell in the human body.

How many days do red blood cells circulate for?

Red blood cells circulate for approximately 120 days before being removed by the spleen and liver.

What are the functions of red blood cells?

Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide for excretion by the lungs.

What is the purpose of erythropoietin?

stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, helping to maintain adequate oxygen levels in the body.

What is erythropoiesis?

the process of red blood cell production in the bone marrow. That is regulated by the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. It response to decrease hemoglobin the kidney secretes erythropoietin

What does the proper functioning of red blood cells require adequate amounts of?

adequate amounts of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.

What is erythropoiesis regulated by?

Erythropoietin

What does a deficiency in folate and B12 result in?

can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by the production of large, immature red blood cells.

The kidneys secrete erythropoietin in response to what?

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

What occurs during red cell destruction?

breakdown of aged or damaged red blood cells by macrophages in the spleen and liver, releasing hemoglobin for recycling.

What happens to globin after red cell destruction?

Globin portion broken down into amino acid and recycled heme portion split into iron and biliverdin

Describe what takes place during oxygen transport.

binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which is then carried through the bloodstream to tissues for cellular respiration.

Where does oxygen bind efficiently with hemoglobin and why does it do this?

Oxygen binds efficiently with hemoglobin in the lungs due to the high partial pressure of oxygen, facilitating the loading of oxygen onto hemoglobin for transport to tissues.

Where is oxygen released from hemoglobin?

Oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the tissues where the oxygen concentration is lower, allowing it to be delivered to cells for metabolism.

What is the meaning of oxygen saturation?

the percentage of hemoglobin molecules in the blood that are carrying oxygen.

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve describe?

The relationship between oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

Dissolve gas, bicarbonate ion, bound to hemoglobin

How do RBCs and hemoglobin help with acid-base balance?

Red blood cells and hemoglobin act as buffers, binding to excess hydrogen ions to maintain the body's pH balance.

What is anemia?

is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to fatigue and weakness.

Describe relative anemia

normal total red cell mass with disturbances in regulation of plasma volume

How is absolute anemia defined?

characterized by a decrease in the total number of red blood cells in the body.

Describe polycythemia.

condition characterized by an elevated level of red blood cells in the bloodstream, leading to increased blood viscosity and potential clotting issues.

What are the general effects of anemia?

Pallor, tiredness, weakness, dyspnea, palpitations, and heart failure

How is mild anemia characterized?

Hemoglobin above 8g/dl

Minimal symptoms

Elderly with cardiovascular, luminary disease may have Symptoms

How is severe/ Moderate anemia characterized?

Hemoglobin below 8g/dl

characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, Orthostatic hypotension, pallor, tachypnea (rapid respiration rate)

What is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world?

the most common nutritional deficiency globally, leading to anemia if left untreated.

What is a blood smear?

A blood smear is a laboratory test where a drop of blood is spread thinly on a glass slide and examined under a microscope for abnormalities.

What term describes red blood cells that are smaller than normal?

Microcytic

What is the medical term for the condition characterized by abnormally large red blood cells?

Macrocytosis

The three main types of anemia classification

microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic..

Describe the difference between low retic count and high retic count.

A low retic count indicates decreased bone marrow activity, while a high retic count suggests increased bone marrow activity, often seen in conditions like hemolytic anemia.

Aplastic Anemia Etiology and Pathogenesis

Decreased RBC production .stem cell disorder characterized by reduction of hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow, fatty marrow replacement and pancytopenia

What causes aplastic anemia?

caused by toxic, radiant, or immunologic injury to the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Could be Viral, autoimmune, or drugs (chloramphenicol)

What is the onset of symptoms for aplastic anemia?

• Late symptoms include weakness, fatigues, lethargy, pallor, dyspnea, palpitations, transient murmurs and tachycardia

• Pancytopenia and granulocytopenia

How do you diagnose aplastic anemia?

through blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and genetic testing to determine the cause.

What age group is most commonly affected by aplastic anemia?

individuals of any age, but it is most commonly seen in young adults and the elderly.

What is the treatment for aplastic anemia?

Indenting toxic exposure, HLA and ABO, minimal essential levels of hemoglobin and platelets

Prevent and manage infection

Determine efficacy of bone marrow transplantation

What is the prognosis for aplastic anemia?

The prognosis varies, with some cases being severe and requiring immediate treatment, while others may be more manageable with medications and regular monitoring. Bone marrow trasnplantation

Define Anemia of chronic renal failure?

a decreased production of erythropoietin due to kidney dysfunction, leading to reduced red blood cell production.

What is the primary cause of Anemia in chronic renal failure?

Decreased production of erythropoietin by the kidneys

What is the typical onset of symptoms for Anemia of chronic renal failure?

Symptoms usually develop gradually as kidney function declines, leading to fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin.

What are the manifestations of Anemia of chronic renal failure?

Manifestations include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and decreased exercise tolerance.

What is the prognosis for aplastic anemia?

The prognosis varies but can range from spontaneous recovery to requiring bone marrow transplant for severe cases.

How can you diagnose Anemia of chronic renal failure?

can be diagnosed through blood tests that show low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit, along with decreased levels of erythropoietin.

What age group is most commonly affected by Anemia of chronic renal failure?

commonly seen in adults, particularly in those over the age of 60.

What is the treatment for Anemia of chronic renal failure?

consists of dialysis and administration of erythropoietin

What is a characteristic symptom of folate deficiency?

Low RBC, WBC, and platelet counts with increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV); megaloblastic dysplasia

what causes folate deficiency

caused by poor dietary intake, malabsorption disorders, alcoholism, certain medications, and increased demand during pregnancy or illness.

What are the onset symptoms for folate deficiency?

Onset symptoms include weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and irritability.

How does folate deficiency manifest?

can manifest as megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, and neurological symptoms like confusion and depression.

What is the Schilling test used for?

The Schilling test is used to diagnose vitamin B12 absorption problems in the gastrointestinal tract.

How can you diagnose folate deficiency?

can be diagnosed through blood tests measuring serum folate levels or red blood cell folate levels.

What age group is most at risk for folate deficiency?

Elderly individuals are most at risk due to decreased absorption and intake.

What is pernicious anemia?

autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys parietal cells.

What is the treatment for folate deficiency?

The treatment is supplementation with folic acid, typically in the form of oral tablets.

What is the prognosis for folate deficiency?

The prognosis is generally good with appropriate treatment, as symptoms can be reversed with folate supplementation.

What is the main characteristic of Iron deficiency anemia?

characterized by low levels of red blood cells due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin production.

What causes Iron deficiency anemia?

caused by inadequate iron intake, blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or poor absorption of iron in the body.

What are the onset symptoms for Iron deficiency anemia?

Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, cold hands and feet, brittle nails, headache, and (pagophagia or pica) cravings for non-nutritive substances like ice or dirt. koilonychias (spoon-shaped nails), and blue sclerae

How does Iron deficiency anemia manifest?

manifest with symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

What is the difference between iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease?

Iron deficiency anemia has low serum iron, low ferritin, increased tibc

Anemia of chronic disease: low serum iron, high ferritin, decreased tibc

How can you diagnose Iron deficiency anemia?

diagnosed through blood tests such as serum ferritin levels, iron levels, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation. Additionally, a peripheral blood smear may show microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells.

What is the prognosis for Iron deficiency anemia?

With proper treatment, the prognosis for Iron deficiency anemia is generally good, and most patients respond well to iron supplementation.

What is Thalassemia characterized by?

characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production, leading to anemia and fatigue.

What is Thalassemia associated with?

associated with abnormal hemoglobin production due to genetic mutations affecting the synthesis of globin chains.

What is polycythemia vera characterized by?

characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

What are the signs and symptoms of polycythemia vera?

headache, backache, weakness, fatigue on exertion, pruritus, dizziness, sweating, visual disturbances, weight loss, paresthesia, dyspnea, joint complaints, and epigastric distress and pressure

What is the first-line treatment for polycythemia vera?

Phlebotomy is the initial treatment for polycythemia vera to reduce blood volume and viscosity.

What is the prognosis for polycythemia vera?

The prognosis is generally good with proper management, but complications such as blood clots and leukemia can occur.

What is secondary polycythemia caused by?

by conditions such as chronic hypoxia, kidney tumors, or certain drugs stimulating erythropoietin production.

What is the treatment for secondary polycythemia?

The treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, such as hypoxia or certain medical conditions, along with phlebotomy or medication to reduce red blood cell production.

What is the prognosis for secondary polycythemia?

The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and prompt treatment.

What causes relative polycythemia?

caused by a decrease in plasma volume, leading to an apparent increase in red blood cell concentration.

What are the two groups for relative polycythemia?

apparent polycythemia and stress polycythemia.

What would be elevated in relative polycythemia?

Hematocrit levels due to a decrease in plasma volume, not an increase in red blood cell mass.

What is the treatment for relative polycythemia?

The treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, such as dehydration or smoking cessation.

What is the prognosis for relative polycythemia?

The prognosis for relative polycythemia is generally good if the underlying cause is identified and treated promptly.

What are the formed elements of blood

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets

What is RBC associated with?

Polycythemia (increase)

Anemia (decrease)

Reference range of RBC male

Hemoglobin (gum/dl)= 13.6-17.2

Hematrocrit (%) 39-49

Red cell count (106/uL) 4.3-5.9

Reticulocyte count (%) 0.5-1.5

Adult reference ranges for RBC Women

Hemoglobin (gum/dl) 12-15

Hematrocrit (%) 33-43

Red cell count (106/uL) 3.5-5.0

Reticulocyte count (%) 0.5-1.5

What is hemoglobin?

Is the oxygen-carrying protein in the mature red blood cell.

Comprises 90% of cell’s dry weight

Consist of two pairs of polypeptide chains, the globins