The Industrial Revolution

anesthetic

drug that prevents pain during surgery

enclosure

the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers with the goal of creating larger fields that could be cultivated more efficiently

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who created a steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines.

smelt

melt in order to get the pure metal away from its waste matter

capital

money or wealth used to invest in business in or enterprise

enterprise

a business or organization in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories

entrepreneur

person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit

putting-out system

also known as cottage industry, raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes; skilled artisans then finished and dyed the cloth.

Eli Whitney

American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.

cotton gin

a machine used for separating the seeds from cotton fibers that was invented in 1793.

turnpike

private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll; goods traveled faster on these roads.

Manchester

city in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution city

urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities

tenement

multistory building divided into crowded apartments

labor union

workers' organziation

Thomas Malthus

British laissez-faire economist who warned that population growth threatened future generations because population growth would outpace the food supply. Believed nature's check on population growth was war, disease and famine. Discouraged vaccination.

David Ricardo

(1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.

Jeremy Bentham

British economist who proposed utilitarianism as a more perfect approach to governing society.

utilitarianism

a theory associated based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Followers of this principle believed that laws and actions should be judged based on whether or not they provided more happiness than pain.

socialism

an anti-capitalist political ideology under which the people as a whole rather than individual entrepreneurs owned and operated the "means of production" - farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods to society.

means of production

farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

Robert Owen

British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment

Karl Marx

German philosopher who coauthored "The Communist Manifesto".

communism

an anti-capitalist political ideology in which the government owns all property and a small group of political elite control all economic and political activities.

proletariat

working class

social democracy

political belief that in which their is a gradual transition from capitalism from socialism

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

mutual aid societies

self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers

Florence Nightingale

Established sanitary nursing care units. Founder of modern nursing. began professional education of nursing.

Germ Theory

the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

Robert Koch

German doctor who identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis

Joseph Lister

discovered how antiseptics prevented infection

Wright Brothers

First to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane

Alfred Nobel

Invented dynamite

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Henry Bessemer

Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel

interchangeable parts

Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

Michael Faraday

English chemist who created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo

Guglielmo Marconi

invented the radio

stock

A share of ownership in a corporation.

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Cartel

a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Soujourner Truth

former slave who became women's rights activist

Mount Holyoke College

first all female university in the US, founded by MAry Lyon

John Dalton

English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Social Gospel Movement

A social reform movement that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

William Wordsworth

Leader of English Romanticism who published works in the countryside

Lord Byron

Was an important British Romantic poet. His works include "She walks in Beauty" and the unfinished "Don Juan." Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their independence movement.

Victor Hugo

French poet and novelist and dramatist

Ludwig van Beethoven

This pianist was considered the master of Romanticism music

Charles Dickens

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

Gustav Courbet

coined term, "realism；" painted The Stone Breakers

Claude Monet

a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

Vincent Van Gogh

A Dutch expressionist who painted a "moving visions in his mind's eye"