Nursing Practice of the Adult Client I: Skin, Wounds, Burns, Diabetes, Endocrine, Cardiac, and Vascular Management

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering pressure injuries, skin cancer, shingles, burns, diabetes management (DKA/HHS), endocrine disorders, and cardiovascular and vascular conditions based on the lecture notes.

Pressure injury

A localized area of necrotic soft tissue that occurs when external pressure on tissue exceeds $32\,mmHg$ (capillary closing pressure), compromising blood flow and leading to ischemia and cell death.

Braden Scale

A validated risk assessment tool for pressure injuries where a lower score indicates a higher risk.

Bridging technique

The use of pillows to support the body and relieve pressure by floating bony prominences off the bed surface.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

The most prevalent type of skin cancer, typically presenting as a pearly, waxy papule with rolled borders; it rarely causes death.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

The second most prevalent skin cancer, which is more aggressive than BCC and has the potential to metastasize.

Mohs micrographic surgery

The most accurate surgical method for skin cancer removal that involves layer-by-layer excision with immediate microscopic examination to preserve healthy tissue.

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

A condition caused by the reactivation of the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) that presents as painful vesicular eruptions following a unilateral dermatomal distribution.

Post-herpetic neuralgia

A major complication of shingles characterized by persistent pain that continues after the skin lesions have resolved.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)

A chronic autoimmune disorder of follicular occlusion affecting apocrine gland-bearing skin areas, such as the axillae and groin, and is not related to hygiene.

Curling ulcer

A type of stress-related gastric ulcer that results in gastric bleeding specifically in burn patients.

ABA Fluid Resuscitation Formula (Thermal/Chemical)

$2\,mL\,LR \times kg \times \%TBSA$, with half administered in the first $8$ hours from the time of injury.

Dawn Phenomenon

An early morning rise in blood glucose levels caused by the natural release of growth hormone and cortisol.

Somogyi Effect

An early morning hyperglycemia that occurs as a rebound response after a period of nocturnal hypoglycemia.

Rule of 15

A management protocol for hypoglycemia: give $15\,g$ of fast-acting carbohydrates, retest blood glucose in $15$ minutes, and repeat if the level is still <70\,mg/dL.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening emergency caused by insulin deficiency, characterized by hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul respirations, and ketones in the urine.

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)

A metabolic complication of Type 2 DM characterized by extreme hyperglycemia (BG >600\,mg/dL) and hyperosmolality (>320\,mOsm/kg) without significant ketosis.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A disorder resulting from ADH deficiency or resistance, characterized by the excretion of massive volumes of dilute urine with a specific gravity between $1.001$ and $1.005$.

SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH)

A condition where the failure of negative feedback for ADH results in excess water retention, concentrated urine, and dilutional hyponatremia.

Myxedema Coma

A life-threatening, emergency-level decompensation of severe hypothyroidism requiring supplemental oxygen, warming, and IV thyroid hormone.

Graves disease

An autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism often characterized by exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and a hypermetabolic state.

Chvostek's sign

A clinical sign of hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism consisting of facial twitching when the facial nerve is tapped.

Trousseau's sign

A clinical sign of hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism consisting of carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff.

Addisonian Crisis

A medical emergency of acute adrenal insufficiency characterized by shock, hypotension, and cyanosis, treated with IV fluids and hydrocortisone.

Cushing syndrome

A condition resulting from excess corticosteroids, presenting with moon face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, and purple striae.

BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide)

A key diagnostic laboratory marker for heart failure; elevated levels indicate increased cardiac stretch and fluid overload.

Intermittent claudication

The hallmark symptom of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) characterized by cramping pain during activity that is relieved by rest.

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens

An extensive form of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in a severely edematous, painful, and cyanotic (blue) extremity.

Cellulitis

A bacterial skin infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue that is the most common infectious cause of limb swelling.