BIOL 107 Part F - Cellular Respiration and Metabolism (Terms)

Kinase

An enzyme that synthesizes ATP through the relocation of an inorganic phosphate attached to an organic molecule, forming ATP and an organic molecule

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway occurring in the cytosol that is preliminary to the citric acid cycle, cellular respiration, and fermentation due to its production of 2 pyruvate from one glucose molecule

Pyruvate

A 3-carbon molecule formed as a product of glycolysis that is used in fermentation and the Krebs cycle

Fermentation

A metabolic process occurring in anaerobic conditions in fermentation enzymes in the cytosol that makes ATP from sugars and produces a characteristic organic end product

Alcohol Fermentation

A type of fermentation occurring in plants and yeast that produces ethanol as its end product

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation occurring in animals that produces lactate as its end product

Cellular Respiration

A metabolic process occurring under aerobic conditions that generates 90% of our ATP

Intermembrane Mitochondrial Space

The space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondrion

Mitochondrial Matrix

Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that contains chromosomes (DNA) and ribosomes

Transition Reaction

The first step in cellular respiration occurring in proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane in which metabolism in the cytosol is connected to metabolism in the mitochondria

Acetyl CoA

A two carbon molecule formed as the product of the transition reaction that is used in the Krebs cycle

Krebs Cycle

The second step of cellular respiration in which acetyl CoA is modified and some ATP is made

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final step of cellular respiration in which the majority of ATP is created, powered by a proton gradient made by electrons on an ETC

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

A homotetramer enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate via ATP, determining the rate of cellular respiration

Cyanide

A molecule that poisons the human body by mimicking an oxygen molecule, thus stopping the heart and diaphgram from making ATP

Uncoupling Proteins

Proteins that lower ATP production by acting as proton channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Thermogenesis

The creation of heat in organisms due to a physiological process

Insulin

A protein created and exported by pancreas cells that signals a high level of glucose in the blood

Glucagon

A protein created and exported by pancreas cells that signals a low level of glucose in the blood

Adipocytes

Cells that import glucose and convert it into fat for long term energy storage

Diabetes Mellitus

The inability to maintain safe glucose levels, leading to complications such as fainting and organ damage

Type 1 Diabetes

A type of diabetes that corresponds to an issue with the cells that create insulin, thus lacking insulin in the body

Type 2 Diabetes

A type of diabetes that corresponds to an issue with creating insulin receptors, thus lacking the ability to detect insulin in the body

Cori Cycle

The process in which liver cells recycle lactate created by cells from the blood into glucose through gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogensis

A process in the Cori cycle by which liver cells transform lactate back into glucose by consuming ATP

Nutrition

How an organism is able to receive energy and carbon needed to sustain life

Phototrophs

A category of organisms that obtain energy through light, using sunlight as their source of energy

Chemotrophs

A category of organisms that obtain energy through chemicals, using molecules as their source of energy

Autotrophs

A category of organisms that provide carbon through self-feeding, using carbon dioxide as their source of carbon

Heterotrophs

A category of organisms that provide carbon through diverse feeding, using carbon-containing molecules as their source of carbon