PHRM2101 - week 1 & 2 & 3

Nociceptive pain

The body's alarm system that is activated when harmful stimuli trigger receptors to send signals to brain

Neuropathic pain

when nervous system is damaged or malfunctioning

Nociplastic pain

when there is no clear ongoing tissue damage causing the pain, and no definite nerve injury or disease causing the pain

What are 3 types of pain?

Nociceptive, Neuropathic, Nociplastic

Chronic pain

Pain that persists or recurs for more than three months

Cancer pain

pain caused by cancer spreading to the bones and damaging bone tissue in one or more areas

Bone or structural pain

Pain directly originating from the skeleton, joints, ligaments, or tendons

Breakthrough pain

sudden, temporary pain that happens despite taking regular medication

Palliative care

Person and family-centred care provided for a person with an active, progressive, advanced disease, who has little or no prospect of cure

Osteoarthritis

when the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones wears down over time

Gout

a painful form of inflammatory arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints

Arthritis

broad term for condition that cause inflammation, pain and stiffness

What are some complementary meds for Gout?

Allopurinol, Colchicine

What are some complementary meds for pain?

Codeine, Morphine, Oxycodone, Ibuprofen, Celecoxib

What is the meds to treat pain called?

Analgesics

Endocrine glands

Organs that produce + secrete hormones into bloodstream for regulating body functions, growth, metabolism, mood, etc...

Type of hormones?

Peptide hormones, Amino acid derivatives, Lipid derivatives

Peptide hormones

act as chemical messengers to regulate process

Different types of cell signals

Endocrine signalling, Paracrine signalling, Autocrine signalling

Endocrine signalling

when a cell releases a signalling molecule into the blood to act on a distant target cell

Paracrine signalling

when a cell releases a signalling molecule that acts on a neighbouring target cell

Autocrine signalling

when a cell releases a signalling molecule that acts on itself

Endocrine disease

when hormones are produced in abnormal amounts or do not work properly in the body

Hypothalamus-pituitary axes

The regulatory system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland that controls various endocrine functions.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

a major neuroendocrine pathway relevant to the stress response involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex

Thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth located at the base of your neck, just below the Adam's apple

Thyroid hormones

hormone that controls your body's metabolism

Types of thyroid hormones

Tri-iodothyronine (T3), Tetra-iodothyronine (T4), Calcitonin

Tri-iodothyronine (T3) & Tetra-iodothyronine (T4)

helps to control metabolism and body temperature, helps regulate growth and development

What is the action of thyroid hormones?

increasing cellular oxygen and energy consumption, regulating internal temperature, modulating heart rate, and promoting normal brain and bone development

What are the causes of thyroid disorders?

Autoimmune diseases, genetic predisposition, iodine imbalances, and thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis)

Thyroid disorders

Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

when too much thyroid hormones are produced

Hypothyroidsm

when too low thyroid hormones are produced

Different thyroid function tests

TSH test, T4 test, T3 test, Thyroid antibody tests, TSH receptor antibody, Thyroglobulin

Grave's disease

autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland, forcing it to overproduce thyroid hormones

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Hair loss, bulging eyes, difficulty sleeping, heart intolerance, sweating

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Dry hair, loss of eyebrow hair, puffy face, depression, weight gain

What are some complementary meds to treat thyroid disorders?

Levothyroxine

Parathyroid gland

our tiny, pea-sized glands located in the neck, typically situated directly behind the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormones

a chemical messenger produced by the four small parathyroid glands in your neck

Calcitonin

a peptide hormone produced primarily by the parafollicular (C-cells) of the thyroid gland

Types of parathyroid disorders

Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism

a condition where one or more of your four pea-sized parathyroid glands in the neck become overactive and produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hypoparathyroidism

a rare endocrine disorder where the parathyroid glands fail to produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Metabolic bone disorders

diverse group of disorders that result in abnormalities of bone mass, structure mineral homeostasis, bone turnober, growth

Common metabolic bone disorders

Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Paget's disease of bone, Renal osteodystrophy

Osteoporosis

a chronic condition that causes bones to become porous, brittle, and weak

Osteomalacia

a metabolic bone disease characterized by the softening of bones, caused by a severe deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate

Adrenal gland

Small, triangular-shaped endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that produce essential hormones

Adrenal cortex

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Types of steroid hormones

Gonadal (sex) steroids, Glucocorticoids, Mineralcorticoids

Steroid hormones

lipophilic signalling molecules derived from cholesterol

Steroid biosynthesis

metabolic process of creating steroid hormones from cholesterol with specialized cells

Glucocorticoid signalling

the fundamental biological process by which steroid hormones (like cortisol) regulate metabolism, immune responses, and stress

Mineralocorticoids

a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Underactive adrenal gland disorders

cause adrenal insufficiency (e.g., Addison's disease) leading to extreme fatigue, low blood pressure, and weight loss

Overactive adrenal gland disorders

cause high blood pressure, upper body weight gain, and anxiety

Adrenal suppression

when your adrenal glands slow or stop producing cortisol because your body has adapted to external medications

Adrenal insufficiency

a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of essential hormones, primarily cortisol (the stress hormone) and sometimes aldosterone

Addison's disease

a rare disorder where the adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol and aldosterone

Symptoms of Addison's disease

severe fatigue, muscle weakness, unexplained weight loss, low blood pressure that causes dizziness upon standing, salt cravings, and darkened patches of skin

Primary aldosteronism

condition where adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone

Cushing's syndrome

a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome

Rapid weight gain centered around the torso, a rounded "moon" face, a fatty hump between the shoulders ("buffalo hump"), and purple stretch marks on the abdomen

Corticosteroids

synthetic (human-made) medications that mimic cortisol, a natural hormone produced by your adrenal glands

Tapering

the process of gradually reducing a quantity, intensity, or effort over time

What are some complementary meds to treat Osteoporosis?

risedronate, calcium, vitamin D3, alendronate

What are some complementary meds to treat Addison's disease & Cushing's disease?

hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone