ANTH1102 Introduction to Anthropology - Exam 1👩🏼‍🔬🗺️🏖️🏔️🐺🐾

Applied anthropology mainly focuses on

applying anthropological knowledge to solve human problems.

Which of the following is true of an Applied Anthropologist?

Applied anthropologists are anthropologists who use field work and survey methods rather than textual or oral histories in their studies.

Subfields of Anthropology

Linguistics, Acheaology, Cultural, Biological

Which of the following scholars had an important role in establishing unity of general anthropology in the USA?

Franz Boas

Which of the following statements about medical anthropology is TRUE?

This growing field considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness.

Applied anthropologists mostly work with:

Governmental and non-governmental organizations, Private corporations

An anthropologist in a business setting would most likely be involved in which of the following activities?

market research

What are the 3 overarching concepts in Anthropology?

Culture, Evolution, and Environment

General anthropology is a North American concept because

of interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together the four fields of anthropology.

The Sutherland Nine is an excellent example of

community-driven research

Ethnography is the

fieldwork component of cultural anthropology.

Ethnographic methods include

observations

conversations

key informants

Anthropologists are always objective when conducting research?

False

etic and emic protocols

emic is an insider's perspective

etic is an outsider's

The Bajau Laut, living in Southeast Asia, have an evolutionary adaptation that allows them to:

develop larger spleens which allow them to spend more time underwater

Human genetic diversity is substantially higher than that of most other species?

False

What is true of human variation?

There are no reproductive barriers between humans, allowing constant gene flow and diverse human phenotypes

Natural selection simply means that

organisms best suited to their immediate environments will be able to pass on their genes to their offspring more effectively than those not well-suited to their environment

What is the term for a gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations?

cline

What is a phenotypic adaptation, and what makes it possible?

It happens when adaptive changes occur during an individual's lifetime. It is made possible by human biological plasticity, our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow.

anatomically modern humans arose:

200,000 years ago

Which of these is NOT a key component of the principle of natural selection?

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Which concept is NOT included in the Modern Synthesis of Evolutionary Theory?

law of uniformitarianism

Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?

humans

In early hominin evolution, which trends can be identified?

Bipedalism

Increased cranial capacity

Dental changes

Development of material culture

one reason for the gap in the fossil record of the earliest of the hominins?

There were few geological conditions suitable for fossil preservation.

earliest archaeological site indicating that early humans returned to one location for tool-making and butchering is in

kenya

What is not part of the Hominidae family?

baboons

What are the oldest stone tools called?

Oldowan

The earliest widely accepted hominin genus is

Ardipithecus

when did early human ancestors begin using tools and butchering animals, and how might this have benefited their survival?

Toolmaking and meat-eating date back to 3.3 million years ago; this helped early hominins access higher-protein foods and process them more efficiently.

What is NOT reflective of bipedal locomotion?

hands with long, curved fingers

What physical and behavioral characteristics are NOT associated with arboreal locomotion?

Short Arms

According to the fossil record, evidence of bipedal features among apes first appeared around _ _______ years ago.

2 million

A key trend in primate evolution includes the

shift to using sight as a primary way to obtain information.

Traits inherited from a common ancestor are called

homologies

have all great apes, including gorillas and chimpanzees, have completely lost the ability to move in trees.

no

bipedal walking difficult for gorillas. Why is it difficult for them?

Their skeleton is not built for walking upright.

Which ape is omnivorous and eats fruit, small mammals, birds' eggs, and insects?

chimpanzee

When does the macroevolutionary timeline for primates start?

65 million years ago

What activities are associated with later hominins?

hunting

tool making

speech

The earliest known hominin-made structure dated to 476,000 years ago was discovered in

tanzania

European fossils and tools have contributed disproportionately to our knowledge and interpretation of anatomically modern H. sapiens. What explains this?

the long history of Paleolithic archaeology in Europe relative to other regions in the world

Which of the following is the best candidate for the earliest species in our genus?

Homo habilis

What is not one of the eight traits that modern humans inherited from neanderthal couplings?

prominent brow ridge

According to Glausiucz (2020) where did Homo sapiens and Neanderthals most likely first meet?

the levant

early hominins used percussive stone tools to smash bones and harvest what kind of nutrients that may have contributed to bigger brain size?

fats

When did hominins first learn to communicate through speech?

we do not know

Along with H. neanderthalensis, what other descendant of H. heidelbergensis appears some time around 500,000 years ago, but in Asia instead?

H. denisova

which event marked the "domestication" of early hominins?

controlled use of fire

Neandertals uniquely evolved to survive

in cold environments.

When did humans first reach the Americas?

20,000-25,000 years ago

What is one reason early states arose?

multiple, interacting explanations from archaeological evidence

What factor did NOT contribute to the rise of Early States beyond population growth?

control of diseases and environmental factors

Which of the following was a consequence of domestication?

Sedentary life became more widespread.

the earliest states were probably established in what geographical area at 3,000 BCE or earlier?

Near modern day Iraq and neighboring areas.

Unlike the pattern in the Old World, plant domestication in the New World

occurred before the rise of the first sedentary communities.

When was the Neolithic Revolution?

12,000 years ago

What subsistence strategy did most of earliest Mesolithic peoples practice, such as those who occupied the site of Göbekli Tepe practiced?

broad spectrum foraging

what role did the food play in the domestication of wolves?

Wolves scavenged food (and possible feces) from early forager settlements.

transition from nomadic hunter-gathering to sedentary agricultural societies?

Increasing evidence for intermediary sites where multiple bands/tribes would gather at particular times of the year. However, these places were not permanently settled. An example of one of these sites is Göbekli Tepe.

This site in Turkey is a prime example of the emerging complexity of Neolithic groups gathering to live together.

Göbekli Tepe.

Why did some Early States and Civilizations collapse?

Their social and political systems failed to address multiple issues