KINE 473 Comprehensive Study Guide

This flashcard set covers key concepts in muscle structure, contraction, nervous system function, bioenergetics, hormonal responses, cardiovascular and respiratory physiology, body composition, nutrition, and training adaptations.

Skeletal Muscle Structure

Includes architecture elements such as fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin, and myosin.

Regulatory Proteins

Proteins that control cross-bridge formation in muscle contraction.

Calcium Role in Muscle Contraction

Calcium ions are crucial for muscle contraction and are primarily stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

The process linking the electrical excitation of muscle fibers to their contraction.

ATP Sources for Muscle

ATP is produced by the ATP-PCr system, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Muscle Fiber Types

Type I fibers are slow-twitch, Type IIa fibers are fast-twitch oxidative, and Type IIx fibers are fast-twitch glycolytic.

Motor Unit Recruitment

The process by which more motor units are activated to increase muscle force.

Size Principle

Larger, more powerful motor units are recruited after smaller, less powerful ones.

Contraction Speed Influence

The speed of contraction affects the force production capacity of a muscle.

Muscle Fatigue Mechanisms

Factors such as glycogen depletion and metabolic byproducts lead to muscle fatigue.

Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness

A condition typically experienced after intense exercise, characterized by muscle pain.

Neuron Function

Neurons communicate signals via action potentials and resting membrane potentials.

Resting Membrane Potential

The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a neuron at rest.

Action Potentials

Rapid, transient changes in membrane potential that propagate electrical signals along neurons.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons and muscles.

Somatic Nervous System

Part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for voluntary muscle control.

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary body functions including heart rate and digestion.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Balances the sympathetic system by promoting 'rest-and-digest' activities.

Reflexes

Involuntary responses to stimuli, including those mediated by muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.

ATP Production Pathways

Include ATP-PCr system, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic oxidative phosphorylation.

Carbohydrates as Fuel

Primary energy source during intense exercise; stored as glycogen in muscles and liver.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Aerobic energy production that occurs in the mitochondria.

Oxygen Availability

Crucial for aerobic metabolism; affects performance due to metabolic byproducts.

Mitochondrial Function

Involves energy production and is influenced by training adaptations.

Respiratory Exchange Ratio

Measurement used to determine the type of fuel being utilized for energy.

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

The amount of oxygen the body uses to return to resting state post-exercise.

Metabolic Causes of Fatigue

Include glycogen depletion and heat production leading to decreased performance.

Hormone-Receptor Interactions

The way hormones bind to their receptors, affecting their biological actions.

Key Exercise Hormones

Include insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, and hormones affecting fluid balance.

Blood Glucose Regulation

The mechanism maintaining glucose levels during exercise through hormonal actions.

Appetite-Regulating Hormones

Involve hormones such as ghrelin and leptin that modulate hunger and satiety.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

Cardiac Muscle Properties

Characteristics unique to cardiac tissue that allow for effective heart function.

Resting Heart Rate Determinants

Factors that influence heart rate at rest, including fitness levels and health status.

Stroke Volume Influences

Factors such as preload, contractility, and afterload that affect the amount of blood pumped.

Cardiac Output Formula

Cardiac output (Q) = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV).

Mean Arterial Pressure Calculation

Mean arterial pressure is calculated from cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.

Blood Flow Redistribution

Shifts in blood flow to active muscles during exercise away from non-essential tissues.

Vascular Control Mechanisms

Regulation of blood vessel diameter via vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

A-vO₂ Difference

The difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood; indicates oxygen extraction.

Training Effects on Stroke Volume

Regular training enhances stroke volume, cardiac output, and heart rate efficiency.

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Different measures of lung size and function, including tidal volume and vital capacity.

Gas Exchange Principles

Mechanisms underlying the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.

Oxygen Transport

The process by which oxygen is carried in the blood, bound to hemoglobin.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

CO₂ is transported in blood in various forms including dissolved, as bicarbonate, and bound to proteins.

Ventilation during Exercise

Changes in breathing rate and depth to meet increased oxygen demands.

Chemoreceptor Control of Breathing

Chemoreceptors regulate the rate and depth of respiration based on blood chemistry.

Diffusion Capacity Factors

Efficiency of gas exchange in lungs affected by surface area and membrane thickness.

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Describes how hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen changes with different conditions.

Bohr Effect

The phenomenon where increasing carbon dioxide and acidity reduce hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

Body Composition Assessment Techniques

Methods to evaluate body fat and muscle mass including DXA and skinfolds.

BMI Categories

Body Mass Index classifications that indicate health risk based on weight relative to height.

Fat Distribution Risk

Patterns of fat distribution can indicate higher health risks, especially abdominal fat.

Macronutrient Role in Exercise

Macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) play specific roles before, during, and after exercise.

Glycemic Index Timing

The timing of consuming low vs. high glycemic index foods can influence performance.

Micronutrients in Recovery

Essential vitamins and minerals that support training and aid in recovery post-exercise.

Glycogen Loading Patterns

Strategies for maximizing glycogen stores before endurance events.

Hydration Needs

Importance of maintaining fluid balance and understanding routes of daily water loss.

High-Fat Diet Effects

Potential adaptations and implications of high-fat diets on metabolic processes.

Extreme Weight-Loss Risks

Health risks associated with extreme dieting practices, particularly in athletes.

Aerobic Training Adaptations

Physiological changes such as increased VO₂max and mitochondrial density from aerobic exercise.

Anaerobic Training Adaptations

Changes that occur from anaerobic training such as improved glycolytic enzyme levels.

Muscular Adaptations to Training

Involves changes like fiber-type shifts and increased strength due to resistance training.

Heat Stress Responses in Training

Physiological adaptations to exercise performed under high-temperature conditions.