Biology Q2 Final Test

Study Guide

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What is the shape of DNA?

double helix

What do you call the molecule that stores genetic information for all organisms?

DNA

Is DNA heritable?

Yes, it can be passed down from generation to generation

What do you call the subunit or monomer that makes up DNA?

nucleotide

How many nucleotide bases are there? What are their names?

There are 4 -cytosine, guanine, thymine, and adenine

What are the nitrogenous base pairings?

Guanine pairs with cytosine

Thymine pairs with adenine

How many hydrogen bonds pair adenine with thymine?

2

How many hydrogen bonds pair cytosine with guanine?

3

Does DNA act alone to pass on genetic information?

no, the information from DNA is used to build RNA

What does RNA stand for?

ribonucleic acid

In the process of making proteins, what is translation for?

it is the process in which cells make proteins from the genetic information carried in mRNA

In the process of making proteins, what is transcription for?

it is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence, where adenine is binded with uracil (U)

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

it is the concept in which information flows from DNA to mRNA in order to make proteins

What is a codon?

it is a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

What is the process of making proteins called?

central dogma

This when neither allele is dominant and the alleles blend together

incomplete dominance

This is when both alleles are equally expressed in an offspring’s phenotype

codominance

What is a protein?

a sequence of amino acids chained together

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?

it forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA.

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone made out of?

alternating deoxyribose and phosphate molecules

What was Rosalind Franklin credited with?

for taking Photo 51 by using x-ray crystallography, which revealed DNA’s double helix shape

What were James Watson and Francis Crick credited with?

they are credited for determining DNA’s double helix structure, though they never gave Franklin credit for using photo 51

How many start codons are there?

1 - AUG (methionine)(met)

How many stop codons are there?

3- UAA, UAG, UGA