Anatomy and Physiology I Practice Exam Flashcards

This set covers foundational concepts from Anatomy and Physiology I, including structural hierarchy, feedback mechanisms, anatomical terminology, atomic structure, and basic biochemistry.

Anatomy

The study of structure.

Systemic anatomy

A subdivision of anatomy that involves the study of organs that function together.

Physiological study

An activity such as determining normal blood sugar levels for $20$ year old students.

System

A structural level of organization that encompasses the chemical, cell, tissue, and organ levels.

"-itis"

A suffix that means inflammation.

Pericarditis

The term for inflammation of the membrane lining the heart.

Tissue

A group of cells with similar structure and function.

Structural levels (simplest to most complex)

Molecules, cell, tissue, organ, and system.

Digestive system

The body system that includes the gallbladder, liver, and stomach.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a constant environment within the body.

Positive feedback

A process where a deviation from the normal range is amplified, such as more platelets sticking to a platelet plug to attract additional platelets.

Negative feedback

The principle by which a hormone that raises blood calcium levels would be secreted specifically when blood calcium levels decrease.

Anatomical position

A stance where the body is erect and the palms of the hands are facing forward.

Distal and proximal

Directional terms that are most appropriately referred to as opposites.

Dorsal

A directional term meaning toward the back of the body.

Lateral

The anatomical term meaning away from the midline of the body; for example, the thumb is lateral to the fifth digit.

Superior

A directional term indicating a position above another part; for example, the nose is superior to the mouth.

Proximal

An anatomical direction meaning closer to the point of attachment, such as the shoulder being proximal to the elbow.

Sagittal plane

A vertical plane that separates the body into right and left portions.

Frontal plane

The plane in which a section "cutting off your nose" would occur.

Transverse plane

The plane involved in a cut for the amputation of a foot at the ankle.

Diaphragm

The structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Abdominal cavity

The cavity of the body located immediately inferior to the diaphragm.

Electrons

Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom.

Neutral atom

An atom that contains the same number of electrons and protons.

Proton

A subatomic particle with one positive charge and a mass of one, found in the nucleus.

Atomic weight

The number of neutrons and protons in an atom.

Mass number

The total sum of protons and neutrons; for a chlorine atom with $17$ protons and $18$ neutrons, the mass number is $35$.

Cation

A neutral atom that has become positively charged by losing electrons.

Covalent bonds

Chemical bonds formed when electrons are shared between two atoms.

Polar molecules

Molecules formed when electrons are shared unequally between atoms.

Hydrogen bonds

The type of bonds that hold water molecules together.

Molecular formula $H_2O$

A formula representing $2$ hydrogen atoms and $1$ oxygen atom.

Acid

A substance that acts as a proton donor.

Increased acidity

A state in which the number of hydrogen ions in a solution has increased.

Acidosis

An imbalance that results if blood pH falls below $7.35$.

Sucrose

A substance identified as a carbohydrate.

Lipids

Substances that serve as an important component of cell membranes and are generally not water soluble.

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins.

Pentose

A five carbon sugar that is a component of a nucleotide.

Uracil

A nitrogen base found in RNA but not DNA.

ATP

A molecule that serves as the energy currency of the cell.

Decomposition of ATP

The chemical reaction represented by $ATP + H_2O \rightarrow ADP + Pi + \text{energy}$.