13 evolutionary history + biodiversity

describe classification

organisation of every living thing into groups

• hiercarchial

• phylogenetic: organisms in same group are more closely related

• discrete: only belongs to one group

• taxon: a group

name the 5 hierarchies

domain

kingdom

phylum

order

family

genus

species

describe and name the three domains

bacteria - no mb organelles or nucleus

archaea - extremeophile prokaryotes

eukarya - living organisms

name 5 kingdoms

prokaryotae

animalia

plantae

fungi

proctoctista

describe prokaryote and animalia

pro:

• no mb organelles or DNA

• 70s ribosomes has murein cell wall

• unicellular and some hetero/auto

anim:

• multicellular, euk organism

• no cell wall, all hetero, have holo nutrit

• nervous coordination

describe plantae and fungi

plant:

• multicellular euk organisms

• cellulose cell wall

• autotroph - light of ptsts

fungi:

• multi/uni but all euk

• chitin cell wall

• hetero, feed sapro of secreting enzymes extracellularly

• multi fungi grow in hyphae

• reproduce by spores

describe protocista

• unicellular euk organisms

• hetero or auto

• very diverse grouping

what is bionomial naming

naming types of species by their Genus and species → Homo sapiens

• good as it is universal and no one would get confused

• avoids language differences

what describes evolutionary pathways leading to different species

phylogenetic trees

• axis is time, tree branches is as time continues

what are some evidence for relatedness of species and what could cause differences?

sequences of DNA, RNA, proteins

• mutations in DNA which can lead to difference amino acid sequence of proteins

explain convergent and divergent evolution

convergent: similar morphology, but unrelated

divergent: similar morphology and related

explain homologous and analogous structures

homo: similar structures have different functions - pendactyl (5 fingers) - could mean be related

ana: arise through convergent evo, where function is the same but different structures

describe biodiversity

describes the number of species (sp. richness) and number of individuals of each species in an area

how can you investigate biodiversity in a habitat?

• quadrat (atleast x20) by using random coordination

then repeat in another time thats in the same time of day

simpsons diversity index

D=1−N(N−1)/∑n(n−1)​

N is the total number of individuals counted of all species.

n is the number of individuals of each individual species.

∑ means “sum of” so add up the numbers in the column.

capture recapture

C1 x C2 / C3

1) count, remark, release

2) capture, count all

3) count amount of marked in 2