A n P Test 3

Urinary, Digestive, Endocrine Systems

Endocrine glands lack _____ and secrete hormones first into the interstitial fluid before they enter the bloodstream.

Ducts

Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete hormones first into the _____ before they enter the bloodstream.

interstitial fluid

The target cells for a specific hormone are determined by the presence of a specific _____ for that hormone.

receptor

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system acts _____ but has longer-lasting effects.

slower

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system acts slower but has _____ effects.

longer-lasting

The nervous system's response is usually confined to one localized area, while the endocrine system's response is usually _____ across many organs.

widespread

_____ stimulation occurs when changes in blood nutrient or ion levels trigger hormone release.

Humoral

_____ stimulation occurs when nerve signals directly trigger hormone release.

Nervous system

_____ stimulation occurs when the release of one hormone triggers the release of another hormone.

Hormonal

Steroid hormones are _____-soluble, have a 4-ring structure, and are synthesized from cholesterol.

lipid

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, have a _____ structure, and are synthesized from cholesterol.

4-ring

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, have a 4-ring structure, and are synthesized from _____.

cholesterol

Protein hormones are composed of chains of amino acids and are _____-soluble.

water

Protein hormones are composed of chains of _____ and are water-soluble.

amino acids

Biogenic amines are mostly water-soluble and are derived from modified _____.

amino acids

An important exception among biogenic amines is _____ hormone, which is lipid-soluble because it contains two non-polar rings.

thyroid

Local hormones do not circulate in the blood because they are very _____ and don't make it far.

lipophilic

_____ signaling occurs when a cell targets itself.

Autocrine

_____ signaling occurs when a cell targets a nearby cell.

Paracrine

Omega-3 derived eicosanoids are generally _____.

anti-inflammatory

_____-soluble hormones travel freely in the blood.

Water

_____-soluble hormones must be reversibly bound to carrier proteins in the blood.

Lipid

Lipid-soluble hormones must be reversibly bound to _____ in the blood.

carrier proteins

Carrier proteins protect lipid-soluble hormones from being degraded, which greatly increases their _____.

half-life

Hormones are primarily degraded and eliminated from the body by the _____ and the kidneys.

liver

Hormones are primarily degraded and eliminated from the body by the liver and the _____.

kidneys

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to an _____ receptor in the cytosol or nucleus.

intracellular

The hormone-receptor complex binds to a specific DNA sequence called a hormone-response element (HRE), which acts as a transcription factor to stimulate _____.

mRNA synthesis

Water-soluble hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors, which activates a G protein by bumping off GDP and binding _____.

GTP

Activated G protein turns on the enzyme _____, which converts ATP into the second messenger cAMP.

adenylate cyclase

Activated G protein turns on the enzyme adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP into the second messenger _____.

cAMP

The second messenger cAMP activates protein kinase A, which _____ other molecules.

phosphorylates

Activated G protein turns on phospholipase C, which splits PIP2 into the two second messengers: _____ and IP3.

DAG

Activated G protein turns on phospholipase C, which splits PIP2 into the two second messengers: DAG and _____.

IP3

In the PLC pathway, DAG activates protein kinase C, while IP3 increases cytosolic _____ by stimulating its release from the endoplasmic reticulum.

calcium

Target cells undergo _____ to increase the number of receptors in response to a reduced hormone concentration in the blood.

up-regulation

Target cells undergo _____ to decrease the number of receptors in response to an elevated hormone concentration in the blood.

down-regulation

A _____ hormone interaction occurs when hormones work together to produce a greater effect.

synergistic

A _____ hormone interaction occurs when the first hormone allows the action of a second hormone.

permissive

An _____ hormone interaction occurs when one hormone causes the opposite effect of another hormone.

antagonistic

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the pituitary stalk, also known as the _____.

infundibulum

The pituitary gland sits in a protective bony enclosure called the _____.

sella turcica

The pituitary gland sits in the sella turcica, which is covered by a dural fold called the _____.

diaphragma sellae

The posterior pituitary is primarily composed of _____ tissue.

nervous

_____ neurosecretory cells from the hypothalamus extend their axons down into the posterior pituitary.

Magnocellular

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus primarily produces the hormone _____.

oxytocin

The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus primarily produces the hormone _____.

ADH

Another name for Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is ____

vasopressin

The release of ADH promotes water retention and _____ urine production.

decreases

ADH is released in response to _____ blood osmotic pressure.

high

_____ neurosecretory cells from the hypothalamus secrete releasing hormones that control the anterior pituitary.

Parvocellular

Hypothalamic hormones travel to the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-pituitary _____ circulation.

portal

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release _____.

TSH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release _____.

ACTH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and _____.

LH

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ____

GH

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates the _____ to release IGFs.

liver

Prolactin (PRL) acts on the _____ to influence growth and stimulate milk production.

mammary glands

In the HPA axis, the adrenal cortex releases _____ in response to ACTH.

cortisol

Cortisol uses negative feedback to inhibit the release of CRH and _____.

ACTH

Reduced HPA function, leading to low production of adrenal hormones, is known as _____ disease.

Addison's

Excess HPA function, leading to elevated ACTH and cortisol, is known as _____ disease.

Cushing's

Chronic stress leads to continuous cortisol release, which can cause neurons to admit too much _____, leading to excitotoxicity.

calcium

In push-pull regulation of the HPA axis, the _____ stimulates the axis while the hippocampus inhibits it.

amygdala

In push-pull regulation of the HPA axis, the amygdala stimulates the axis while the _____ inhibits it.

hippocampus

The two lobes of the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland connect at the _____.

isthmus

Thyroid follicles are made of simple _____ epithelium.

cuboidial

Follicular cells secrete and store immature thyroid hormone, called _____, into the colloid lumen.

thyroglobulin

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland release the hormone _____.

calcitonin

Parafollicular cells are also referred to as _____ cells.

C

During thyroid hormone synthesis, two _____ ions are joined to form a molecular version of it at the plasma membrane.

iodide

The enzyme _____ helps convert thyroglobulin and iodine into T3 and T4 in the colloid.

thyroid peroxidase

To release mature thyroid hormone, a vesicle containing pre-T3 and pre-T4 fuses with a _____.

lysosome

Lysosomal enzymes cleave pre-T3 and pre-T4 from _____.

thyroglobulin

T3 and T4 are lipid-soluble, meaning they enter the blood from the follicular cell by _____.

simple diffusion

Thyroid hormone causes the liver to increase glycogenolysis and _____.

gluconeogenesis

Thyroid hormone causes the liver to increase gluconeogenesis and _____.

glycogenolysis

Thyroid hormone causes adipose tissue to increase _____.

lipolysis

Thyroid hormone causes an overall _____ in metabolic rate and heat production.

increase

When blood calcium levels rise, the thyroid gland releases _____.

calcitonin

Calcitonin works to lower blood calcium by inhibiting _____ activity in the bone.

osteoclast

When blood calcium levels fall, the parathyroid glands release _____.

PTH

PTH raises blood calcium by stimulating _____ to release calcium from the bone.

osteoclasts

PTH increases calcium absorption in the small intestine via _____ synthesis.

vitamin D

The process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body is called _____.

Ingestion

_____ is a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ.

Secretion

_____ is the process by which nutrients pass through the walls of the digestive tract and into the bloodstream.

Absorption

The process of breaking down food in the digestive tract into substances that can be used by the body is called _____.

Digestion

The _____ is responsible for the muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus.

Pharynx

The _____ is responsible for the transport of materials to the stomach.

Esophagus

The _____ intestine is responsible for enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions.

small

The _____ intestine is responsible for the dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination.

large

The accessory organ responsible for the secretion of bile is the _____.

liver

The accessory organ responsible for the storage and concentration of bile is the _____.

gallbladder

The _____ contains exocrine cells that secrete buffers and digestive enzymes, and endocrine cells that secrete hormones.

pancreas

The _____ peritoneum lines the inner abdominal cavity wall.

parietal

The _____ peritoneum covers the organs within the peritoneal cavity

visceral

The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is called the peritoneal cavity, which is filled with _____.

peritoneal fluid

The _____ is a mesentery that extends from the stomach to the transverse colon and provides padding, protection, and energy reserves.

greater omentum

The _____ is a mesentery that extends from the stomach to the duodenum.

lesser omentum