Test 1

Anatomy

Study of body structure. Example: bones and organs. Memory trick: Anatomy = appearance.

Physiology

Study of body function. Example: how the heart pumps blood. Memory trick: Physiology = purpose.

Structure determines function

The shape of a body part helps it do its job. Example: lungs are thin for gas exchange.

Microscopic anatomy

Study of structures too small to see without a microscope. Memory trick: micro = tiny.

Cytology

Study of cells. Example: red blood cells. Memory trick: cyto = cell.

Histology

Study of tissues. Example: muscle tissue. Memory trick: histo = tissue.

Gross anatomy

Study of structures visible without a microscope. Memory trick: gross = giant enough to see.

Systemic anatomy

Study of body systems. Example: digestive system.

Regional anatomy

Study of one body region. Example: arm or head.

Surface anatomy

Study of body surface features. Example: feeling pulse points.

Comparative anatomy

Compares anatomy between species. Example: human arm vs dog leg.

Embryology

Study of development before birth. Example: embryo development.

Pathological anatomy

Study of disease-caused structural changes. Example: cancer tissue.

Radiographic anatomy

Study using imaging. Examples: X-ray, MRI, CT scan.

Cardiovascular physiology

Studies heart and blood vessels. Memory trick: cardio = heart.

Neurophysiology

Studies nervous system function. Memory trick: neuro = nerves.

Respiratory physiology

Studies breathing and lungs. Memory trick: respiration = breathing.

Reproductive physiology

Studies reproductive system function.

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions. Examples: body temperature, blood sugar, water balance. Memory trick: homeo = same.

Receptor

Detects changes. Example: skin senses heat. Think: sensor.

Control center

Makes decisions. Example: brain. Think: boss.

Effector

Carries out response. Example: sweat glands. Think: worker.

Negative feedback

Response reverses a change. Example: sweating lowers temperature. Memory trick: negates change.

Positive feedback

Response amplifies a change. Example: labor contractions. Memory trick: pushes forward.

Matter

Anything with mass and volume. Examples: water, air, tissues.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element. Example: hydrogen atom.

Proton

Positively charged particle in nucleus. Memory trick: P = positive.

Neutron

Neutral particle in nucleus. Memory trick: N = neutral.

Electron

Negatively charged particle outside nucleus. Memory trick: E = electric negative.

Nucleus

Center of atom containing protons and neutrons.

Electron shell

Energy level around nucleus where electrons are found.

Octet rule

Atoms are most stable with 8 outer electrons.

Ion

Charged atom formed by gaining or losing electrons.

Cation

Positive ion. Example: Na+. Memory trick: CATions are PAWsitive.

Anion

Negative ion. Example: Cl−.

Electrolyte

Substance that conducts electricity in water. Examples: sodium and potassium.

Nonelectrolyte

Substance that does not form ions in water. Example: sugar.

Ionic bond

Bond formed by electron transfer. Example: salt. Memory trick: I TAKE electrons.

Covalent bond

Bond formed by sharing electrons. Example: water. Memory trick: cooperate and share.

CHON

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. Most body molecules contain these.

Water (H₂O)

Polar molecule essential for life.

Hydrogen ion (H+)

Acid-forming ion.

Hydroxyl ion (OH−)

Base-forming ion.

Acid

Substance that releases hydrogen ions.

Base

Substance that removes hydrogen ions or releases hydroxyl ions.

pH

Scale measuring acidity and basicity.

Neutral pH

pH of 7. Example: pure water.

Buffer

Substance resisting sudden pH changes. Example: bicarbonate buffer. Memory trick: shock absorber.

Triglyceride

Main stored body fat. Functions: energy storage and insulation.

Saturated fat

Fat with no double bonds. Usually solid. Example: butter.

Unsaturated fat

Fat with double bonds. Usually liquid. Example: olive oil.

Lipogenesis

Formation of fat. Memory trick: genesis = make.

Lipolysis

Breakdown of fat. Memory trick: lysis = break.

Phospholipid

Lipid forming cell membranes. Has head and tails.

Steroid

Lipid with ring structure. Example: cholesterol.

Carbohydrate

Main quick energy source. Example: glucose.

Monosaccharide

One sugar molecule. Example: glucose. Memory trick: mono = one.

Disaccharide

Two sugar molecules. Example: table sugar. Memory trick: di = two.

Polysaccharide

Many sugar molecules linked together. Example: glycogen. Memory trick: poly = many.

Glycogenesis

Making glycogen for storage.

Glycogenolysis

Breaking glycogen down for energy.

Glycogen

Stored glucose found mainly in liver and muscles.

Cellulose

Indigestible plant fiber that helps digestion.

Protein

Molecule made of amino acids. Functions: enzymes, structure, movement.

Amino acid

Building block of proteins. Think: protein Legos.

Peptide bond

Bond connecting amino acids.

Denaturation

Loss of protein shape/function. Example: cooking egg white.

DNA

Double-stranded genetic blueprint.

RNA

Single-stranded molecule used in protein synthesis.

ATP

Main energy molecule of cell. Memory trick: body battery.

ATP to ADP

Releases energy for cell work.

Cell

Basic unit of life. Think: tiny living factory.

Plasma membrane

Controls movement in and out of cell. Memory trick: security gate.

Phospholipid bilayer

Double layer forming cell membrane.

Cholesterol

Stabilizes cell membrane.

Glycolipid

Helps with cell recognition and protection.

Integral protein

Protein going through membrane.

Peripheral protein

Protein attached to membrane surface.

Ligand

Molecule binding receptor. Example: hormone. Think: key into lock.

Passive transport

Movement without ATP energy.

Active transport

Movement requiring ATP energy.

Diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration. Example: perfume spreading.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across membrane.

Isotonic solution

Equal concentrations inside/outside cell. Cell stays same size.

Hypotonic solution

Water enters cell and cell swells. Memory trick: HIPPO-tonic.

Cytolysis

Cell bursting from too much water.

Hypertonic solution

Water leaves cell and cell shrinks.

Crenation

Cell shrinking.

Sodium-potassium pump

Moves 3 sodium out and 2 potassium into cell using ATP. Memory trick: 3 out, 2 in.

Exocytosis

Movement out of cell. Memory trick: EXO = exit.

Endocytosis

Movement into cell. Memory trick: ENDO = enter.

Phagocytosis

Cell eating. Example: white blood cell engulfing bacteria.

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking.

Mitochondria

Produces ATP energy. Memory trick: powerhouse of the cell.

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis.

Rough ER

Makes proteins. Memory trick: rough = ribosomes.

Smooth ER

Makes lipids and detoxifies.

Golgi apparatus

Packages and ships proteins. Memory trick: post office.

Lysosome

Digests waste and old organelles. Memory trick: suicide sac.

Peroxisome

Detoxifies harmful substances.