making a nation

james cook landed at botany bay on what date?

29 april 1770

what happened in 1788?

the first fleet arrived and a convict colony was established at sydney cove.

when did the australian gold rush begin?

1851

when did federation occur?

1901

colonisation

the establishment of british settlements from 1788 to 1901, transforming the land, indigenous societies, and the emerging nation.

penal colony

a remote settlement established to exile convicted criminals where they served sentences through forced labour and isolation.

convicts

individuals found guilty of crimes in britain who were often sentenced to imprisonment, transportation, or forced labour.

free settlers

people who voluntarily migrated to and settled in a colony.

assisted migrants

people whose passage was subsidised or paid for by a government or organisation.

infrastructure

the basic physical and organisational structures needed for society to function.

federation

a political structure where smaller entities unite to form a larger governing body while retaining some autonomy.

dispossession

the action of depriving someone of land, property, or possessions.

dictation test

a test requiring immigrants to write and sign 50 dictated words in a european language chosen to make passing difficult or impossible.

how many indigenous languages were spoken before colonisation?

around 250.

how many indigenous dialects were spoken before colonisation?

around 700.

how did aboriginal peoples manage the environment?

using fire.

what was indigenous peoples' relationship with the land?

they had a deep spiritual connection to it.

what does "country" mean to indigenous australians?

the land and natural features, including sacred sites.

why did britain colonise australia?

to solve prison overcrowding, reduce crime problems, and gain land and resources.

how did the industrial revolution contribute to colonisation?

it increased poverty, population, and crime, leading to overcrowded prisons.

what resources mentioned in your notes were exported from australia to britain?

wood, timber, and sugar.

what discovery greatly helped australia's economy?

gold.

what caused overcrowding in british prisons?

rising poverty and crime during industrialisation.

what was the result of overcrowded prisons?

convicts were transported to australia.

what products did australia export to britain in the early 1800s?

wool and timber.

what discovery triggered the australian gold rush?

gold in nsw and victoria.

what was a major effect of the gold rush?

large-scale migration from europe.

what connected australia and britain in 1872?

the telegraph line.

how did many indigenous australians view colonisation?

as an invasion.

what were some impacts of colonisation on indigenous australians?

loss of land, violence, disease, and destruction of culture.

what was terra nullius?

the belief that the land belonged to nobody.

why did britain support colonisation?

to expand the british empire and gain land and resources.

what did many europeans believe they were bringing to australia?

law, farming, and civilisation.

what are push factors?

reasons people leave their home country.

what are pull factors?

reasons people are attracted to a new country.

name three push factors for migration to australia.

poverty and unemployment, overcrowding, and escaping war.

name three pull factors for migration to australia.

gold, job opportunities, and cheap or free land.

why did arthur phillip reject botany bay?

he declared it unsuitable.

where did the first fleet eventually settle?

sydney cove.

when did the first fleet land at sydney cove?

26 january 1788.

how many convict ships were in the first fleet?

6.

describe conditions on the first fleet.

crowded, with little ventilation, air, or light.

how many ships were in the second fleet?

6.

how did conditions on the second fleet compare to the first fleet?

they were much worse.

approximately what percentage of convicts died during the second fleet voyage?

about 30%.

what work did many convicts do in the early years?

building roads and buildings.

what was the ticket of leave system?

a reward for good behaviour allowing convicts to choose employers and earn wages.

when was the ticket of leave system introduced?

1801.

which convict settlement was the harshest?

norfolk island.

what punishments were used at norfolk island?

solitary confinement and chain gangs.

what percentage of convicts were women?

about 12%.

how were relations between europeans and indigenous peoples during the first 12–15 months?

mostly peaceful.

what did indigenous peoples share with europeans?

dancing, culture, and fishing techniques.

how did european farming affect indigenous australians?

it pushed them off their traditional land.

why did arthur phillip order indigenous men to be taken?

to learn english and british customs and act as messengers.

which indigenous man became close to arthur phillip?

bennelong.

give two reasons for federation.

better defence and removal of tariffs between colonies.

give two more reasons for federation.

common identity and fear of foreign takeover.

give two reasons against federation.

strong colony identities and fears of limited representation for smaller colonies.

why did many chinese migrants come to australia?

during the gold rush.

what treatment did many chinese migrants face?

prejudice and discrimination.

what was the white australia policy?

a series of laws and policies introduced after federation to keep australia predominantly white.

how was the dictation test used in the white australia policy?

it restricted immigration from non-european people.