ANATOMY LAB EXAM 3

what are the parts of the CNS

brain and spinal cord

what are the parts of the PNS

nerves (any), and ganglia (cluster of cell bodies)

sensory division of PNS

takes sensory info and sends to CNS (PNS to CNS)

Motor division of PNS

motor orders are sent from CNS to PNS

visceral division of PNS

sensory information is sent from organs to the CNS

visceral motor division (autonomic)

sympathetic (fight or flight), and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

somatic division of PNS

sense of touch

neurons

star shaped cell responsible to send electrochemical messages

neuroglia

small cells that support neurons

structure of neuron

soma (cell body that contains nucleus), axon (“tail” that can be myelinated or unmyelinated), dendrite (hairlike extensions)

myelin

lipoprotein insulator found on some axons

what direction does a message travel through a neuron

down from dendrites to the axon

sensory neurons

send messages TO CNS

motor neurons

send messages FROM CNS

interneurons

found ONLY in the CNS

meninges

membrane that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord

layers of meninges

dura mater (superficial), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (deep)

subarachnoid space

contains CSF, located between pia and arachnoid mater, prevents nervous tissue from hitting bone

gray matter in CNS

includes uninsulated axons, superficial in brain and deep in spinal cord

white matter of CNS

includes axons insulated with myelin, deep in brain and superficial in spinal cord

where does the spinal cord begin

foramen magnum of the skull

where does the spinal cord end

medullary cone

what are the spinal nerves that continue past the medullary cone

cuada equina

what does the central canal contain

CSF

anterior root spinal nerve

carries MOTOR information OUT

posterior root spinal nerve

carries SENSORY information IN

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

31; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

what do all spinal nerves start out as

mixed nerves (carry sensory and motor info)

ventricles (4)

spaces in the brain filled with CSF

what are the functions of the gyri and sulci of the brain

increase surface area for storing information, gyri (hill); sulci (valley)

what does the brain stem include

diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

diencephalon

contains thalamus and hypothalamus (connected by pituitary gland), contains pineal gland that secretes melatonin

midbrain

contains corpora quadrigemina (4 knobs)

pons

sends out information, responsible for consciousness(damage causes a coma)

medulla oblongata

becomes spinal cord when it passes through foramen magnum, contains vital centers, damage here almost always causes death

what connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

corpus callosum

what separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

longitudinal fissure

what separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

transverse fissure

what joins the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

vermis

arbor vitae

pattern of white and gray matter in cerebellum that resembles a tree

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

12, can be mixed, sensory, or motor

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

what are the formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

erythrocytes

RBC’s, carry oxygen

leukocytes

WBC’s, fight infection

thrombocytes

platelets, clot blood

plasma

liquid portion of blood, transports formed elements and other substances

arteries

carries blood away from the heart, (oxygenated except for pulmonary and umbilical)

veins

carries blood to the heart, (deoxygenated except for pulmonary and umbilical)

capillaries

exchange nutrients and waste in blood

what are the proteins in plasma

albumin (abundant), globulin, fibrinogen

hemoglobin

protein that oxygen and CO2 binds to, located in RBC’s

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

neutrophils

carry out phagocytosis

eosinophils

fight parasites and allergens

basophils

cause inflammatory and allergic responses

agranulocytes

lymphocytes, and monocytes

lymphocytes

B cells produce antibodies and T cells attack foreign cells

monocytes

perform phagocytosis for agranulocytes

WBC types from most common to least

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

what are thrombocytes formed from

thrombocytes are cell fragments from megakaryocytes

the heart

4 chambered muscular pump responsible to pump blood and keep it moving

pulmonary veins

oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

vena cava

deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium

aorta (largest artery)

oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body

pulmonary trunk (artery)

deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

bicuspid valve

AV valve, between left atrium and left ventricle

tricuspid valve

AV valve, between right atrium and right ventricle

aortic valve

semilunar valve, between left ventricle and aorta

pulmonary valve

semilunar valve, between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk (artery)

what is the function of the interatrial and interventricular septums

prevents blood from mixing

coronary circuit

supplies blood to the heart itself

functions of the reproductive system

produce hormones, produce gametes, bring gametes together

what are the gonads of the male reproductive system

testes, endocrine function (produce testosterone), exocrine function (produce sperm)

where is the site of sperm production

seminiferous tubules

scrotum

surrounds testes and protects them

why do testes hang outside of body

temperature in body is too warm for sperm production

what are the two muscles in the testes that regulate temperature

cremaster muscles and dartos muscle

cremaster muscle

in spermatic cord, raises and lowers testes

dartos muscle

lines scrotum, contracts and relaxes testes

where do sperm mature and are stored

epididymis

spermatic cord

testes hang from this

Vas Deferens

part of spermatic cord, carries sperm from epididymis to outside the body

is the male reproductive system connected to the urinary system

yes

seminal vesicles (2)

secrete fructose for the sperm

prostate gland

wraps around urethra, secretes a basic buffer to keep sperm alive when they enter acidic environment

bulbourethral gland

secret lubricant

what is the difference between semen and seminal fluid

semen contains sperm and seminal fluid does not

ejaculatory duct

duct formed when vas deferens and seminal vesicles meet, connects urinary system to reproductive system

sperm structure

acrosome (cap of enzymes), head (contains nucleus and 23 chromosomes), midpiece (contains mitochondria), tail (flagellum that helps sperm travel fast)

what are the gonads of the female reproductive system

ovaries, endocrine function (produce estrogen and progesterone), exocrine function (produce eggs)

uterine tubes

found between ovaries and uterus, where eggs are fertilized

uterus

sits on top of bladder, where baby develops

layers of uterus

perimetrium (outer), myometrium (middle), endometrium (inner)

endometrium

contains basal layer that does not change, and functional layer that changes monthly during reproductive years

does menstrual fluid pass through the urethra

NO it passes through the vagina