public speaking final

Ethical Speaking

Speaking truthfully, avoiding plagiarism, and respecting the audience’s dignity.

Plagiarism

Using someone else’s words/ideas without credit; includes global, patchwork, and incremental plagiarism.

Ethical Listening

Paying attention, keeping an open mind, and judging arguments fairly.

Credibility

The audience’s perception of your honesty and competence.

Denotative Meaning

The literal dictionary meaning of a word.

Connotative Meaning

The emotional or cultural associations a word carries.

Vivid Language

Words that create strong imagery.

Rhythm

The flow created by sentence structure and sound patterns.

Inclusive Language

Avoiding language that excludes or demeans groups.

Impromptu Speaking

Speaking with little or no preparation.

Extemporaneous Speaking

Speaking from a prepared outline, not a script.

Vocal Variety

Changes in pitch, rate, and volume to maintain interest.

Articulation

Pronouncing words clearly.

Nonverbal Communication

Gestures, posture, facial expressions, eye contact.

Target Audience

The specific segment you aim to persuade.

Ethos

Credibility and trustworthiness.

Pathos

Emotional appeal.

Logos

Logical reasoning and evidence.

Types of Claims

Fact, value, and policy claims.

Reasoning

Drawing logical conclusions from evidence.

Analogical Reasoning

Comparing two similar cases.

Causal Reasoning

Showing cause‑and‑effect relationships.

Emotional Appeals

Using stories, imagery, or language to evoke feelings.

Credibility Strategies

Demonstrating expertise, fairness, and good character.

Parallelism

Repeating grammatical structure for rhythm.

Repetition

Reusing key words/phrases for emphasis.

Antithesis

Contrasting ideas in balanced structure.

Allusion

Reference to history, religion, or literature.

Metaphor

Comparing two unlike things.

Imagery

Language that appeals to the senses.

Rhetorical Question

A question asked for effect, not an answer.

Juxtaposition

Placing ideas side‑by‑side for contrast.