Bio 112 4

Fitness trade off

Every individual has a restricted amount of time and energy at its disposal - it’s resources are limited

Ex: female puts a lot of energy to producing many offspring - she cannot put energy on her survival traits at the same time

High Fecundity r selected

Tend to grow quickly reach sexual maturity at a young age and produce many small eggs or seeds

High survivorship k selected

Tend to grow slowly invest their energy and time in traits that reduce damage from enemies and increase their own ability to compete for resources

Exponential Growth

Growth is not limited by density - adds an increase number of individuals as the total number of individuals N gets larger

• density independent

EG Colonization of a new habitat

A few individuals colonize a new habitat with plentiful resources

EG Recovery after a disaster

A population has been devastated by a storm or some other type of catastrophe and then begins to recover starting with a few surviving

Logistical growth

Dependent on population size

Carry capacity - K

Is the maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time

Limits on population size

Density indep- are usually abiotic and change birthrates and death rates irrespective of pop size.

Density dep- change intensity as a function of pop size and are usually biotic

Intraspeific

Interspefic

Population crashes

Several variables such as density independent and density dependent in which cause of crash was over foraging

Population cycles

the evolution over time of the population profile of a country, region or other defined geographical area.

Snowshoe hare and lynx

Metapopulations

A population made of up many small physically isolated populations connected by dispersal

Metapopulations Dynamics

population is maintained at a stable number of individuals - can blink on and off over time

• Pop with a positive growth is source

Pop with a negative growth is sinks

Behavior

A response to a stimulus

Behavior ecology

Is a subset of organism ecology

The study of behavior adaptations that evolved in response to ecological selection pressures

Not only animals and human have this ability but also plants

Example Venus fly traps live in dark areas and adapted to eat bugs

Optimal Foraging

Individuals make decisions that have the effect of maximizing the amount of usable energy they take in given the cost of finding and ingesting their food and the risk of being eaten while they’re at it

Monogamy

Male and female common in birds but rare in mammals

Pairs reunite over several breeding seasons

Both sexes use time and resources foR Parental care

Environment is so extreme that they need two parents

Polygamy

Polygyny: 1 male with multiple females - male defends a territory

Polyandry: 1 female with multiple males

3 Navigations

Piloting is the use of familiar land marks

Compass orientation is movement oriented in specific direction

True navigations is the ability to locate a specific place on earths surface ( turtles)

Signals

Are diverse different animals communicate by sound scent or tactile or visual cues

Communication has advantages and disadvantages

• Been honed by natural selection to max benefits and min cost

Communication

Waggle dance

Echo location

Scent

Altruism

Behavior that has fitness cost to the individual exhibiting it and a fitness benefit to the recipient

decrease individual ability to produce offsprings

• Increase help others produce more offspring’s

Hamiltons rule

States that altruistic behavior is most likely when three conditions are met:

When their is a benefit for the recipient ( b is high

The altruistic and the recipient are closely related ( r is high)

• The cost for the altruistic is low ( c is low)

Direct Fitness

Is derived from individuals own offsprings

Indirect fitness

Is derived from helping relatives produce more offsprings than they could produce on their own

Inclusive fitness

Both direct and indirect

Prokaryotic

Bacteria and Archaea

Differences between Bacteria and Anchaea

Plant membranes - different lipids

Cell walls - different molecules for support

DNA Replication and gene expression different - Archaea is closer to Eurkorites

Are Prokaryotics auto or heterophic

Both

Virulence

Ability to cause disease

Heritable variable trait

Crowding and poor sanitation can lead to an increase virulence

Some are harmless

Microbiome

Community of microbes that naturally inhabit body or parts of body

Bioremediation

Prokaryotes can clean oil and clean enviorments

Protist

Classified wukaryaand the kingdom protista cannot be classified as plants animals or fungi

Most are unicellular

• Play variety of ecological roles

Protist impornatce in the food web

They are the primaey source of all food webs in the ocean - seaweed

Protests diseases

Malaria - mosqiyos

All aren't bad

Fungi

Eukaryotes–mostcloselyrelatedtoanimals

o Heterotrophs

o CanbeParasitic

1. o Decomposers–absorb nutrients from dead animals o Important economic and ecological impacts

Food; Antibiotics; Negative impacts on agriculture; Carbon cycling; Mutualistic relationship with plants