lab practical 2

The _______ enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas.

catalase

The substrates bind to the __________________ on the enzyme.

active site

______________ are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of a reaction.

enzymes

An enzyme increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the __________ ____________.

activation energy

The ______________ are created by the enzyme reaction.

products

Which of these is the substrate for catalase?

 

H₂O₂

The ________ are converted to products by reacting with enzymes

substrates

Which of these is NOT a temperature we will be testing for an effect on catalase activity?

65

Which of the following is NOT a concentration that we will be testing for an effect on catalase activity?

10%

Which of these is NOT one of the foods we will be testing for catalase activity?

onion

Which of these is NOT an energy source we will be testing?

 NaCl

____________________ is the conversion from raw energy (sugar) into usable energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen.

 cellular respiration

____________________ produce their own food using only simple inorganic molecules like CO2.

autotrophs

Which gas is produced by cellular respiration and fermentation?

CO2

Which organism will be used in our laboratory experiments?

yeast

Which of these is the preferred sugar molecule used in cellular respiration and fermentation?

 

glucose

In the absence of oxygen a cell switches from cellular respiration to ____________________.

fermentation

Which of these is the energy molecule used by the cell to function (usable energy)?

ATP

____________________ is all of the processes in an organism, from creating molecules to breaking them down.

metabolism

____________________ consume food and convert it into usable energy for the cell.

heterotrophs

Photosynthesis occurs in _____, which are organelles found in plant cells.

Chloroplast

Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?

Oxygen (O2)

A _____ is a substance found in plants that absorbs light.

 Pigment

The nonpolar solvent for paper chromatography contains petroleum ether and:

 Acetone

Here is the chemical structure of the Chlorophyll a pigment:

• Count up the oxygen (O) atoms in Chlorophyll a. How many oxygen atoms are in Chlorophyll a?

5

Here is the chemical structure of the Chlorophyll b pigment:

• Count up the oxygen (O) atoms in Chlorophyll b. How many oxygen atoms are in Chlorophyll b?

6

Here is the chemical structure of the Beta Carotene pigment:

• Count up the oxygen (O) atoms in Beta Carotene. How many oxygen atoms are in Beta Carotene?

0

Here is the chemical structure of the Xanthophyll pigment:

• Count up the oxygen (O) atoms in Xanthophyll. How many oxygen atoms are in Xanthophyll?

2

Below is a picture of a finished chromatography experiment. The arrows point to the 4 distinct pigment bands on the chromatography paper:

Based on the polarity of the 4 pigments (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Xanthophyll, and Beta Carotene) that you determined above, match the polarity of the pigments with their location on the chromatography paper below:

What is Pigment #1, the bright orange pigment at the top of the chromatography paper?

What is Pigment #2, the yellow pigment further down on the chromatography paper?

What is Pigment #3, the bright green pigment further down on the chromatography paper?

What is Pigment #4, the forest green pigment lowest on the chromatography paper?

Beta Carotene

Xanthophyll

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

A _____ will be used to measure the absorbance spectrum of plant pigments.

Spectrophotometer

What determines the color of light?

Wavelength

A green plant pigment will absorb a high amount of green light.

False

Look at the figure below to answer the questions in the chart:

• At which wavelength of light is the absorbance value for the pigments the highest? This is the optimum wavelength for each pigment.

• What is the visible color of this wavelength of light? **Use the Data table from your graph for the colors.

Pigment Name	Optimum Wavelength	Visible Color of Optimum Wavelength
Chlorophyll a	420	purple
Chlorophyll b	460	blue
Xanthophyll	440	blue
Beta Carotene	460	blue

__________________ theory states that cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cell

Which type of cell division creates two daughter cells from one parental cell? 

Mitosis

Which type of cell division creates four gamete cells from one parental cell?

Meiosis

Prior to observing cells dividing under a microscope let's review the stages of mitosis. Remember, while what you observe on a slide will look similar to the drawing or photograph in a text there will be slight differences between a textbook picture and what you actually observe.

Division of the cell by pinching the plasma membrane to form a cleavage furrow =

Mitotic stage when the centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart and move to the opposite ends of the cell, pulled by spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore regions. =

Division of the cell by building a new cell wall in the center of the cell called a cell plate =

Mitotic stage when the chromosomes align themselves along the center of the cell between the spindle poles. =

Mitotic stage when the nuclear membrane breaks down, the centrosomes organize the production of microtubules that form the spindle fibers, and the chromosomes condense into compact structures. =

Stage of mitosis when the nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes grouped at either pole of the cell, the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse, and the spindle fibers disappear. =

Animal Cytokinesis

Anaphase

Plant Cytokinesis

Metaphase

Prophase

Telophase

Which of these is the special area in the onion root where mitosis occurs?

 

Apical meristem

What stage of mitosis is the onion cell above undergoing?

What structure is the A arrow pointing at?

What structure is the B arrow pointing at?

What structure is the C arrow pointing at?

Anaphase

Chromosomes

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

What stage of mitosis is the onion cell above undergoing?

What structure is the A arrow pointing at?

What structure is the B arrow pointing at?

What structure is the C arrow pointing at?

Prophase

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Chromosomes

What stage of mitosis is the onion cell above undergoing?

What structure is the A arrow pointing at?

What structure is the B arrow pointing at?

What structure is the C arrow pointing at?

Telophase

Cytoplasm

Cell Plate

Chromosomes

What stage of mitosis is the onion cell above undergoing?

What structure is the A arrow pointing at?

What structure is the B arrow pointing at?

What structure is the C arrow pointing at?

Metaphase

Cell Wall

Chromosomes

Microtubule Spindle

Which of these is the special type of cell division that an animal zygote undergoes to produce a blastula stage embryo.

Cleavage

What stage of mitosis is the onion cell above undergoing?

What structure is the A arrow pointing at?

What structure is the B arrow pointing at?

What structure is the C arrow pointing at?

Telophase

Cleavage Furrow

Cytoplasm

Chromosomes

What stage of mitosis is the cell above undergoing?

What structure is the A arrow pointing at?

What structure is the B arrow pointing at?

What structure is the C arrow pointing at?

Metaphase

Plasma Membrane

Chromosomes

Microtubule Spindle

What stage of mitosis is the onion cell above undergoing?

What structure is the A arrow pointing at?

What structure is the B arrow pointing at?

What structure is the C arrow pointing at?

Prophase

Chromosomes

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

What stage of mitosis is the onion cell above undergoing? [ Select ] ["Prophase", "Metaphase", "Telophase", "Anaphase"]

What structure is the A arrow pointing at? [ Select ] ["Microtubule Spindle", "Cytoplasm", "Chromosomes", "Cleavage Furrow", "Plasma membrane"]

What structure is the B arrow pointing at? [ Select ] ["Microtubule Spindle", "Chromosomes", "Cytoplasm", "Cleavage Furrow", "Plasma membrane"]

What structure is the C arrow pointing at? [ Select ] ["Cleavage Furrow", "Cytoplasm", "Plasma membrane", "Microtubule Spindle", "Chromosomes"]

Anaphase

Chromosomes

Cytoplasm

Plasma Membrane

In this part of the lab you will be observing stages of meiosis happening in the anther of the lily flower. The lettered pictures below represent five stages of Meiosis happening in the lily anther: Prophase I, Anaphase I, Prophase II, Anaphase II, and Cytokinesis II. Match the letters for the images with the correct stages below. Hint - there is only 1 cell during Meiosis I, there are 2 cells during Meiosis II, and there are 4 cells at Cytokinesis II.

Prophase 1

Anaphase 1

Prophase 2

Anaphase 2

Cytokinesis 2

D

A

B

C

E

Skin color is determined by which type of inheritance?

 polygenic inheritance

Each human parent contributes ______% of the genetic make-up to each offspring.

50

The "mother" flips a heads and the "father" flips a tails, what will the genotype of the child be?

 

heterozygous

Flipping coins simulates the role of ____________ in the independent assortment of chromosomes during the formation of gametes.

 probability

Eye distance is determined by which type of inheritance?

incomplete dominance

Face shape is determined by which type of inheritance?

 complete dominance

The relationship between chin size and chin shape is determined by which type of inheritance?

epistasis

By flipping a coin, each parent should contribute one ____________ for each characteristic.

allele

Gender in humans is determined by ____________ chromosomes.

sex

Two parents flip four dominant alleles for skin color giving their child ____________ skin color.

dark brown

_____ is the study of how traits are inherited.

genetics

Meiosis produces haploid:

gametes

Mendel's Law of ________ states that alleles for 2 different genes separate during meiosis and segregate independently. 

 independent assortment

Which of these is heterozygous?

Aa

Which of theses is homozygous for the recessive allele?

aa

What is the name of the table (or square) used to calculate the probabilities of offspring genotypes?

Punnett

Which type of inheritance is affected by gender? 

 Sex-linkage

In which type of inheritance is an intermediate phenotype observed. 

Ex: Curly hair + Straight hair = Wavy hair (Wavy is the INTERMEDIATE condition between the two parents).

Incomplete Dominance

The observed trait an individual has is called the: 

 phenotype

Which type of inheritance has 2 or more completely dominant alleles? 

Ex: Parent 1 has blood type A + Parent 2 has blood type B = Child with blood type AB.

 Co-Dominance

The structure of DNA is a double _________. 

helix

You will be extracting DNA from your _________ cells.

 cheek

Each of your body cells has ____ chromosomes.

46

Which of the following breaks open the cells to release the DNA?

lysis buffer

Which of the following degrades the proteins associated with DNA? 

 Protease enzymes

DNA becomes visible after it is _________.

 precipitated

Which of the following precipitates the DNA?

 ethanol alcohol

How many mL's of gatorade will you swish in your mouth to collect the cheek cells? 

3 mL

The complete collection of DNA and genes is called the __________. 

 genome

In which organelles is DNA found? (There is MORE than one correct answer!!)

 mitochondria,  

nucleus

what pigments are polar in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll b followed y chlorophyll a

What does each color on the chromatography paper mean? 

Each color represents a distinct component (pigment) of a mixture that has separated based on its solubility and size

where does mitosis happen?

In the somatic cells (body cells) of eukaryotes like skin, liver, or muscle cells

Where does meiosis happen?

In the reproductive organs (gonads) of sexually reproducing organisms; in the testes of males and ovaries of females

how the gel electrophoresis chamber is set up and what happens when you put DNA in it and turn it on. 

Placing a solidified agarose gel (with wells) into a tank, covering it with conductive buffer, and loading DNA into the wells near the black (negative) electrode.

When turned on, the negatively charged DNA migrates towards the red (positive) electrode, separating by size, smaller fragments move faster and further through the gel than larger ones