chem know

Nitrate

NO3-

Carbonate ion

CO3, 2-

Sulfate ion

SO4, 2-

hydroxide ion

OH-

Ammonium

NH4, +

Zinc ion

Zn, 2+

Silver ion

Ag, 3+

Hydrochloric acid

HCl

Sulfuric acid

H2SO4

Nitric acid

HNO3

Ethanoic acid

CH3COOH

Sodium hydroxide

NaOH

Potassium hydroxide

KOH

Ammonia

NH3

Acid + base

Salt + water

Acid + metal hydroxide

Salt+water

Acid + metal

Salt + hydrogen

Acid + carbonate

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Acid + metal oxide

Salt + water

Oxidation number of hydrogen

Almost always +1, BUT -1 in metal hydrides

Oxidation number of oxygen

Almost always -2, BUT -1 in peroxides and +2 in fluorine-oxygen compounds

Oxidation number of fluorine

-1

Linear shape

Bond angle = 180

Bonded pairs = 2

Trigonal planar

Bond angle = 120

Bonded pairs = 3

Tetrahedral

Bond angle = 109.5

Bonded pairs = 4

Pyramidal

Bond angle = 107

Bonded pairs = 3

Lone pairs = 1

Non-linear

Bond angle = 104.5

Bonded pairs = 2

Lone pairs = 2

Octahedral

Bond angle = 90

Bonded pairs = 6

Trigonal pyramidal

Bond angle = 90/120

Bonded pairs = 5

Group 2 + acid

Effervescence and solid disappears

Solubility of group 2

Increases down the group

Mg(OH)2

Milk of magnesia, used as antacid

CaCO3

Calcium carbonate, antacid

Ca(OH)2

Calcium hydroxide - reduce acidity of soil

Test for ammonium

Add NaOH, gently heat

Positive = damp red litmus → blue

Test for carbonates

Add HCL

Effervescence

Bubble gas through limewater → cloudy

Sulfate test

Add HCL to remove carbonates

Add barium chloride → white precipitate

Chloride ions test

Add silver nitrate

White precipitate

Add ammonia → white precipitate dissolves in dilute ammonia

Bromide ions test

Add silver nitrate

Cream precipitate

Add ammonia → dissolves in concentrated ammonia

Iodide ion test

Add silver nitrate

Yellow precipitate

Add ammonia → insoluble in concentrated

Flame tests

Li, Na, K, Ca, Cu

Crimson, yellow, lilac, orange-red, green