BSCI201- Exam #1 GSS

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

What are the 6 levels of structural complexity in the human body (in the right order)?

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal condition even when internal and external environments are changing.

Hydrogen bonds < ionic bonds < polar covalent < nonpolar covalent

What are the 4 types of chemical bonds?

a. Give them in order from weakest to strongest bond strength

7.35-7.45

What is the pH range of blood?

Maltose - glucose + glucose

Sucrose - glucose + fructose

Lactose - glucose + galactose

What are the 3 types of disaccharides and what makes up each one of them?

False

T/F - All 11 organ systems are required to maintain homeostasis.

False

T/F - Unsaturated fats are solid at room temperature.

True

T/F - Glycogen is a polysaccharide, used as a storage form of glucose in animal cells.

False

T/F - LDL is known as the “good cholesterol”

True

T/F - Non-essential amino acids are required for the body

False

T/F - Hydrogen bonds form between an electronegative hydrogen atom and an electropositive atom.

Different structures determine properties of the body part such as strength, how it works, what it can produce (e.g. wings for flying)

What does “structure defines function” mean?

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, head/eyes facing forward

What are the four criteria for anatomical position?

- Most abundant compound in body

- Universal solvent

- High heat capacity

- High heat of vaporization

What are the 4 properties of water?

Role of buffers in acid-base balance

- Chemical that resist abrupt changes in pH by binding to H+ (hydrogen protons)

- When pH falls, they release H+

- *Remember: when pH decreases, the number of H+ ions increases (more acidic)

- When pH increases the number of H+ ions decreases

Fatal Alkalosis

What if the pH of blood was 9…?

The solution outside the cell is MORE concentrated than inside the cell (hypertonic solution) so water would leave causing the cell to shrink.

What would happen if a red blood cell was placed in a 9% sodium chloride solution?

Free radicals; hydrogen peroxide

___ _____(harmful) + oxidase -> _______ ______ (harmful)

Catalase; water

Hydrogen peroxide (harmful) + _______ -> _____

D.

If the one main function of a cell is to synthesize steroid hormones, which of the following statements will be TRUE? This steroidogenic cell…

A .expresses LDL receptors on its cell surfaces

B. has abundant lysosomes

C. has a prominent smooth ER

D. both a and c

E. both b and c

- 2 membranes enclose a fluid matrix

- The outer membrane which appears featureless

- The inner membrane consists of infoldings called cristae

Describe the two membranes of the mitochondria.

- 2 globular subunits:

- Small ribosomal and large ribosomal subunit

- Each consists of protein and RNA

What are the two ribosomal subunits and what are they made of?

Golgi apparatus because bigger rough ER indicates more ribosomes synthesizing plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids. Protein-secreting cell that has more bound ribosomes -> more prominent rough ER -> correspondingly prominent Golgi Apparatus Because the Golgi receive proteins and lipids from the rough ER and package them.

If a cell contains a bigger rough endoplasmic reticulum, what other organelle(s) is likely to be larger? Explain.

Infoldings called cristae

What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria consist of?

Smooth ER

Which organelle is prominent in cells that detoxify drugs?

Lysosomes

_____ is abundant in phagocytes (hint: types of vesicles released from the Golgi).

Oxidases and catalases

What are the 2 kinds of enzymes in peroxisomes?

Smallest is microfilaments and largest is microtubules

What is the smallest AND largest type of cytoskeleton?

Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin

What are the 3 main regions of the nucleus?

Cytosol

What is the viscous semi- transparent fluid in which organelles are suspended?

-50 mV to -100 mV

What is the RMP (resting membrane potential) range of resting cells?

Transcytosis

What is the movement of substances enclosed in vesicles traveling across the cells and released on the opposite side called?

Potassium and sodium

What are the two elements involved in resting membrane potential?

Rough ER

What organelle (specifically which part of it) is known as the membrane factories?

Stay in the cell

Where do synthesized proteins made by free ribosomes go?

Carrier proteins

Active transport is mediated by _______?

Water moves into the cell vis osmosis and cells will eventually burst

What happens to a cell played in a hypotonic solution?

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated cytosis

Name 3 types of endocytosis.

False

T or F: high pH and low temperatures can cause the denaturation of a globular protein.

Globular proteins (functional proteins)

Which class of proteins mediate all biochemical reactions occurring in the body?

Amphoteric molecules

What is the term for amino acids that can act as acids and bases?

HDL- good cholesterol

Which lipoprotein has more protein than lipids?

Multiple; Cellular extensions occurring in large numbers on the surface of cells

What is the structure of cilia?

Creates a unidirectional current to move substances across the surface of the cells

What is the function of cilia?

Only 1, singular, longer cellular extension

What is the structure of flagellum?

Beats to propel the entire cell, it extends from

What is the function of flagellum?

Structure of microtubules

Hollow tubes composed of the globular proteins called tublulins.

Function of microtubules

- “Tracks” to transport intracellular substances.

- Conveyor belts in an airport - without it, baggage piles up and ends up in the wrong places.

Microtubules

Cytoplasmic organelles and secretory vesicles cannot undergo vesicular trafficking (mainly to the Golgi) if this is not present in the cell…

Structure of intermediate filaments

• Tough, insoluble fibrous fibers

• Most stable cytoskeleton

Function of intermediate filaments

• Provides tensile strength to cells by resisting pulling forces placed on the cell.

• Such cells are connected by desmosomes.

Intermediate filaments

• Lack structural support and become more fragile and prone to damage.

• A building without internal support beams collapsing

This would occur if _____ _____was not present in a cell.

Structure of microfilaments

• Made of the protein “Actin.”

• The arrangement is unique to each cell.

Function of microfilaments

- Involved in changes in cell shape/motility (contractions).

- Formation of cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.

- Changes in the plasma membrane during endocytosis and exocytosis

Microfilaments

The cell would lose it’s shape, struggle to move, and be unable to divide properly if this cytoskeleton was not present in the cell.

E.

An epithelial tissue described as simple with tall cells of different heights with cilia on their apical surface and endowed with goblet cells will most likely be involved in:

A. secretion

B. Absorption

C. Propulsion

D. both A and B

E. Both A and C

False

T/F: All epithelial tissues are avascular whereas all connective tissues are vascularized.

True

T/F: Euchromatic in present during the G1 phase in interphase.

Hyperplasia- growth by increase in cell number

Hypertrophy- growth by increase in cell size

What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

S phase - a drug would interfere with the S-phase of interphase to stop DNA replication, preventing cancer cells from replicating DNA

Discuss one way you will design effective cancer chemotherapeutic drugs based just on your understanding of the cell’s life cycle.

Covering

One word to describe the function of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial

- Polarity (basal and apical surface)

- Avascular

- Supported by a basement membrane (vascular CT)

- High regenerative capacity (with the nutrients they receive, they can undergo cell division)

- Innervated (presence of nervous fibers)

These are all characteristics of ____ tissue.

Support

One word to describe the function of connective tissue?

Connective

• Common origin - mesenchyme (embryonic tissue)

• Different degrees of vascularity

• 2 parts: nonliving and living portion

These are all characteristics of _____ tissue.

Movement

One word to describe the function of muscular tissue?

Control

One word to describe the function of skeletal tissue?

Collagen fibers - “white” fibers

Elastic fibers - “yellow” fibers

Reticular fibers - smaller fibers that branch off to create networks

What are the 3 types of fibers in the nonliving portion of connective tissue?

Fibroblasts

Produce connective tissue proper.

Chrondroblasts

Produce cartilage.

Osteoblasts

Produce bone tissue.

Hematopoietic stem cells

Produce blood cells.

Simple squamous epithelium

Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration, secretes substances.

Mesothelium

Lines the ventral body cavity.

Endothelium

Lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

Germinal epithelium

A type of simple cuboidal epithelium cell, specific to the ovary surface.

Simple columnar epithelium

Contains mucus-secreting unicellular goblet cells.

Respiratory epithelium

Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial lined with mucus-secreting goblet cells.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Contains both non-keratinized and keratinized forms.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Lines the ducts of glands (salivary or sweat glands).

Transitional epithelium

Stretches readily in order for urinary organs to hold differing amounts of urine.

Holocrine and melocrine

Modes of secretion in the human body.

Tubular and alveolar

Multicellular exocrine gland (simple) shapes

Loose areolar CT proper

Forms lamina propria of mucous membranes.

Loose reticular CT proper

What tissue is located in the lymphoid organs?

Hyaline cartilage

Forms most of the embryonic skeleton.

Endothelium

One location is the intervertebral discs.

Extracellular matrix

Nonliving portion of connective tissue.

False

T or F: Endothelium is the stratified squamous epithelial tissue that lines structures in the circulatory system.

False

T or F: Osteocytes directly secrete the connective tissue class known as bone.

Transitional epithelium

This type of epithelial tissue lines structures in the urinary system.

Hyaline cartilage

Most of the embryonic skeleton is composed of this type of cartilage.

Skeletal muscle

This type of muscle is striated and under voluntary control.

Mucous membrane

The lamina propria supports the epithelial tissue in this type of membrane.

Areolar connective tissue

Known as “packaging material” in the body.

Hyaline

Which cartilage is the most abundant?

Stratum corneum (superficial), stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (deepest).

If a surgeon were to cut THICK skin during the procedure, from superficial to deep what are the strata/layers of the epidermis they are cutting into?

Keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium

What is the overlying tissue of the cutaneous (skin) membrane?

Areolar and dense irregular CT

What is the underlying tissue of the cutaneous (skin) membrane?

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium or simple column epithelium

What is the overlying tissue of the mucous membrane?

Areolar CT (lamina propia)

What is the underlying tissue of the mucous membrane?