Final Domain Archaea

What are the ancient genera’s in bacteria?

aquifex, thermodesulfobacterium, thermatoga, green nonsulfur bacteria

What kind of metabolism do ancient bacteria use?

aquifex - hydrogen oxidizing and chemolithotroph, thermosulfobacterium - sulfate reducing, thermatoga - fermentative chemoorganotroph, green nonsulfur bacteria - anoxygenic phototrophs in light, chemoorganotrophs in dark

Are ancient bacteria aerobic or anaerobic?

aquifex is aerobic but can live in places with low oxygen levels, the other three are anaerobic

What is the same about all proteobacteria?

they are all gram negative

Where do enteric bacteria live and what metabolism do they use?

they live in the human GI tract/gut, they are facultatively anaerobic and can switch between aerobic respiration when oxygen is present to fermentation in low oxygen environments, some do mixed acid and some do that and butanediol fermentation

Which genera of enteric bacteria use mixed acid fermentation?

salmonella, escherichia, proteus

Which genera of enteric bacteria do butanediol fermentation?

enterobacter, klebsiella, and serratia

What are similar about purple phototrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria and green nonsulfur bacteria?

all prokaryotic phototrophs without a nucleus, purple and green can live in anaerobic conditions with light but can switch to other mechanisms while cyanobacteria cannot do this

Key info about purple phototrophic bacteria

purple sulfur use H2S as electron donor in photosynthesis, purple nonsulfur and nitrogen fix, autotrophic and use anoxygenic photosnythesis, photoheterotrophic, capture light with intracytoplasmic membranes called chromatophores

Key info about cyanobacteria

first oxygen releasing bacteria, can be unicellular or multicellular, mostlyo photoautotrophs, possess cyanophycin that functions as nitrogen storage product

Key info about green nonsulfur bacteria

most ancient anoxygenic phototrophs, also use aerobic respiration in no light as chemoorganotroph, live in extremely hot temps, photoheterotrophic, have specilized antenna complexes called chlorosomes to capture light

Key info about nitrifying bacteria

use reduced inorganic nitrogen compounds to grow, so ammonia oxidizing or nitrite oxidizing which transform NH3 to NO2- and NO2 to NO3-, chemolithotrophic autorophs, nitrosomonas and nitrobacter

Key info about dentrifying bacteria

anaerobic respiration where NO3 or NO2 is reduced to nitrogen gases (n2), typically facultative anaerobes and proteobacteria

What are the three key genera of actinobacteria?

corynebacterium, propionibacterium, mycobacterium

What do corynebacteriym and propionibacterium have in common?

both gram positive are rod/filamentous, very large phylum, high GC contenct, inhabit soil and plant materials

Key info about corynebacterium

aerobic, non motile, irregular rods that can be animal and plant pathogens

Key info about propionibacterium

use homofermentative lactic acid fermentation and first discovered in cheese, the presence of propionic acid after fermentation flavors cheese

Key info about mycobacterium

another genera of actinobacteria, rod shaped that could branch/become filamentous, divided into slow and fast groers, some can form yellow carotenoid pigments, require an acid fast stain because they stain weakly gram positive due to the presence of mycolic acid in cell wall

Key info of vibrio

key g: vibrio and photobacterium, mesophile, neutrophile, facultatively anaerobic with fermentive metabolism, chemoheterotrophic, found in marine/brackish/freshwater, oxidase positive, some bioluminescence, pathogen cholerae, gammaproteobacteria

Key info of rickettsia

pathogenic, use aerobic respiration, mesophile, key g rickettsia and wolbachia, found in alpha/gamma, transmitted by arthropod vecgtors (flea ticks mites), can only oxidize glutamate/glutamine not glucose or organic acid

Key info of spirilla

aerobic rely on organic oxidation (no glucose) mesophile but alkaliphile, all 5 classes of proteobacteria, classified based on cell shape, size, number of polar flagella, O2 relation

What do methylotrophs do?

oxidize CH4 or single carbon compounds for carbon source, two types

What is the difference between type 1 and 2 methylotrophy?

type 1 uses ribulose monophosphate pathway, formaldehyde incorporated into cell material, type two uses serine pathway, formaldehyde is combined with CO2 and converted to amino acid serine which can be used to build cell material

What do methanotrophs do?

use compounds that lack carbon bonds as source of carbon, sub group of methylotrophs that use the same pathway in breaking down formaldehyde, both pathways used

What are the key genera of non sporulating and sporulating bacteria groups?

non sporulating are staphlyococcus, micrococcus, streptococcus, sporulating are bacillus and clostridum, all are gram positive

What enzyme can streptococcus produce and what are the effects on red blood cells?

it can produce streptolysin which can cause complete blood cell hemolysis to cause the destruction of red blood cells and release free hemoglobin into blood stream

Key info about sulfur/iron/hydrogen oxidizing bacteria

acidobacillus, chemolithotrophic and acidophilic, most are hyperthermophilic, H2 common electron donor, iron oxidizing is chemolithotrophic autotroph, conserves energy from Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations, in anoxic conditions reduces nitrate to nitrite

Key info about pseudomonas

chemoorganotrophs, aerobic, some are pathogenic, rods, polar flagella, absence of gas formation from glucose, positive oxidase test via R plasmid

Key info for acetic acid bacteria

consist of acetobacter and gluconobacter, use motile rods that carry out incomplete oxidation of alcohols and sugars turning ethanol to acetic acid, both genera are flagellated organisms though one is polarly and the other is peritrichously flagelatted, these can be found in alcoholic juices