mock exam 3

which of the following can be used as vectors to genetically modify cells?

a. plasmids
b. viruses
c. shuttle vectors
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

d) all: plasmids, viruses, shuttle vectors

which of the following cannot code for DNA?

a. Exon
b. Introns
c. mRNA
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

b) introns, theyre noncoding regions

what is a disadvantage of E. coli being used for recombinant DNA?

cells need to be lysed to obtain product

which is not a method of inserting DNA?

a. Transformation
b. Electroporation
c. Electrophoresis
d. Protoplast fusion
e. Microinjection

c) electrophoresis

what is the correct order of the taxonomic hierarchy? from smallest to largest

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain (SGFOCPKD) (Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Sex?)

which is not an identification method for bacteria?

a. Morphological characteristics
b. Serological tests
c. Differential staining
d. Biochemical tests
e. All are methods

b) serological tests

an organism has a base composition of 17% cytosine. what is the base composition of adenine?

33%

bacteria and archaea are similar in that they both:

perform binary fission

which of the following statements about helminths is FALSE?

a. They are heterotrophic.
b. They are multicellular animals.
c. They have eukaryotic cells.
d. All are parasites.
e. Some have male and female reproductive organs in one animal.

d) all are parasites

which of the following statements about lichens is FALSE?

a. Lichens are a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a protozoan.
b. Lichens represent a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga.
c. Lichens are often the first life form to colonize rock or soil.
d. The algal partner produces carbohydrates that are absorbed by the fungal partner.
e. The fungal partner provides a means of attachment and protects the algal partner from desiccation.

a) lichens are a mutualistic relationship btwn a fungus and a protozoan; algae/cyanobacteria

which of the following are asexual spores?
1- Arthroconidium
2- Ascospore
3- Basidiospore
4- Blastoconidium
5- Chlamydoconidium
6- Conidiospore
7- Sporangiospore
8- Zygospore

1, 4, 5, 6, 7 (Arthroconidium, Blastoconidium, Chlamydoconidium, Conidiospore, Sporangiospore)

all are true about roundworms (Nematodes) except:

a. They are dioecious
b. They have a complex digestive system
c. Male are usually smaller and have a spicule
d. They have proglottids
e. They have infective larva for humans

d) they have proglottids; those are segments of tapeworms not roundworms

which of the following pairs is mismatched?

a. brown algae — algin
b. dinoflagellates — paralytic shellfish poisoning
c. red algae — agar
d. diatoms — petroleum
e. green algae — prokaryotic

green algae — prokaryotic; green algae is eukaryotic

a definitive host usually harbors which stage of a parasite?

adult

which of the following is NOT used as a criterion to classify viruses?

a. biochemical tests
b. morphology
c. nucleic acid
d. size
e. number of capsomeres

a) biochemical tests

a viroid is a(n):

infectious piece of RNA w/o a capsid

continuous cell lines differ from primary cell lines in that:

continuous cell lines can be maintained though an indefinite number of generations

prions:

cause diseases of humans

t/f: one major function of restriction enzymes is to destroy bacteriophages

true; they cut/destroy foreign bacteriophage DNA

t/f: PCR replicates many fragments of DNA for maturation

false; maturation is not a PCR function

t/f: only plasmids can be vectors for DNA

false; plasmids, viruses, & shuttle vectors can all be vectors

t/f: a cladogram is a map to show evolutionary relationships

true; shows evolutionary relationships/branching patterns

t/f: exon must be excised from the DNA molecule

false; introns are removed, exons are usually expressed/coding regions

t/f: biochemical testing looks for bacterial enzymes

true; biochemical testing detects enzyme activity or metabolic traits

t/f: the following are SEXUAL spores: zygospore, arthrospore, blasidiospore

false; arthrospore is asexual

t/f: fungi can produce sexual or asexual spore

true; fungi can produce both reproductive spores

t/f: algae do not use sunlight for energy

false; algae are photoautotrophs

t/f: protozoans are unicellular

true; protozoa are eukaryotic and unicellular

t/f: persistent infections means virus remains asymptomatic host cell for long periods

false; that describes latent infection

t/f: viruses can infect any cell they want in any host they want

false; viruses have a specific host range based on receptors/attachment sites

t/f: infectious proteins are known as virion

false; infectious proteins are prions, virion is a complete virus particle

eukarya matching: __ catch all for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit in other kingdoms, grouped into clades based on rRNA

protista

eukarya matching: __ multicellular, no cell walls, chemoheterotroph

animalia

eukarya matching: __ multicellular, cellulose cell wall, usually photoautotroph

plantae

eukarya matching: __ unicellular or multicellular, chitin cell wall, chemoheterotroph, develop from spores or hyphal fragments

fungi

animal virus multiplication matching: __ production of nucleic acids and proteins

biosynthesis

animal virus multiplication matching: __ nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble

maturation

animal virus multiplication matching: __ enters endocytosis or fusion

penetration

animal virus multiplication matching: __ viruses attach to cell membrane

attachment

animal virus multiplication matching: __ separation of viral nucleic acid from its protein coat once the virion is enclosed w/in the vesicle

uncoating

animal virus multiplication matching: __ leaves by budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture

release

separate viruses matching: __ DNA reverse transcriptase, responsible for Hepatitis B

Hepadnaviridae

separate viruses matching: __ responsible for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Papovaviridae

separate viruses matching: __ a double stranded DNA, responsible for Cowpox virus

Poxviridae

separate viruses matching: __ responsible for common cold

Adenoviridae

separate viruses matching: __ has RNA reverse transcriptase

Retroviridae

separate viruses matching: __ double stranded DNA that copies - strand RNA

Reoviridae

separate viruses matching: __ responsible for Hantavirus that is also an RNA - strand

Rhabdoviridae

separate viruses matching: __ responsible for Enterovirus that is also an RNA + strand

Picornaviridae

separate viruses matching: __ responsible for Human herpes virus

Herpesviridae

separate viruses matching: __ RNA + strand, responsible for Rubella virus

Togaviridae

separate viruses matching: __ single stranded DNA that uses enzymes in the nucleus

Parvoviridae

chp 12 megamix matching: __ formed externally on the basidium

basidiospores

chp 12 megamix matching: __ causes malaria

plasmodium

chp 12 megamix matching: __ is a neurotoxin that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning

dinoflagellates

chp 12 megamix matching: __ can form oil when fossilized

diatoms

chp 12 megamix matching: __ movement using pseudopods

amoebozoa

chp 12 megamix matching: __ causes african sleeping sickness

trypanosoma

date matching: __ kingdom fungi by Haeckel

1959 (5)

date matching: __ bacteria & fungi put into plant kingdom

1857 (2)

date matching: __ 5 kingdom system proposed by Whittaker

1969 (8)

date matching: __ two types of prokaryotic cells found

1978 (9)

date matching: __ prokaryote introduced for cells “without a nucleus”

1937 (4)

date matching: __ plant & animal kingdoms by Linnaeus

1735 (1)

date matching: __ prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

1961 (6)

date matching: __ kingdom prokaryote proposed by Murray

1968 (7)

date matching: __ kingdom protista proposed for bacteria, protozoa, algae, & fungi

1866 (3)

mycoses matching: __ caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi

opportunistic mycoses

mycoses matching: __ localized, ie. hair shafts

superficial mycoses

mycoses matching: __ affect the hair, skin, nails

cutaneous mycoses

mycoses matching: __ deep within the body

systemic mycoses

mycoses matching: __ beneath the skin

subcutaneous mycoses

biotechnology matching: __ short segments of DNA complementary to the desired gene

DNA probes

biotechnology matching: __ technique using DNA probes to detect presence of specific DNA in restriction fragments separated by electrophoresis

southern blotting

biotechnology matching: __ cell without a cell wall

protoplast fusion

biotechnology matching: __ a glass micropipette punctures plasma membrane

microinjection

biotechnology matching: __ a procedure during which cells take up DNA from surrounding environment

transformation

biotechnology matching: __ to make multiple copies of a piece of DNA enzymatically

polymerase chain reaction

biotechnology matching: __ use electrical current to make pores for DNA to enter cells

electroporation

biotechnology matching: __ cut specific sequences of DNA

restriction enzymes

biotechnology matching: __ replace defective or missing genes

gene therapy

bacteriophage virus multiplication matching: __ production of phage DNA & proteins

biosynthesis

biotechnology matching: __ phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell

attachment

biotechnology matching: __ phage lysozyme opens cell wall; tail sheath contracts to force tail core & DNA into cell

penetration

biotechnology matching: __ phage lysozyme breaks cell wall

release

bacteriophage virus multiplication matching: __ assembly of phage particles

maturation

hybridization matching: __ two organisms share a majority of DNA

complete hybridization

biotechnology matching: __ two organisms share only some DNA

partial hybridization

biotechnology matching: __ two organisms do not share DNA

no hybridization

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

eukaryotic cells formed when larger cells engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells that survived and became organelles: mitochondria & chloroplasts

define enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

a serological test that uses antigen-antibody reactions to identify organisms or antibodies

what is the difference between a clone and a strain?

clone- a population of cells derived from one single cell (same origin)

strain- a genetically different type w/in a clone or species (genetic variation)

compare and contrast the lytic cycle to the lysogenic cycle

lytic cycle- “active” viral cycle that causes lysis & death of the host cell; APBMR

lysogenic cycle- “dormant”, doesnt kill host right away, viral DNA integrates into host DNA & hides until triggered to enter lytic cycle

how is protoplast fusion useful in DNA transfer/insertion?

the cell walls are removed, allowing two cells to fuse together, allowing genetic material to combine. after fusion, the new cell can rebuild w/ DNA from both cells

what are some things PCR can be used for? (list 3 of the 5 possible things)

amplify DNA, detect pathogens, clone DNA, diagnose disease, sequence DNA

genomic libraries such as plasmid or phage libraries can be used to store cut up portions of an organism’s genome. what is the purpose of storing fragments of DNA in these genomic libraries?

to preserve and organize fragments of DNA so scientists can study, clone, sequence, and retrieve specific genes later for future use.

the human genome project and AncestryDNA services both have ethical issues. in areas like insurance and employment what problems could there be? however for the medical field what is a benefit you could have?

problem- insurance companies or employees could use genetic info to discriminate against someone based on disease risk (privacy/discrimination)

benefit- genetic info can help doctors diagnose disease, predict health risks, and choose better treatments (better medical care)

define phylogeny

the evolutionary history/relationships among organisms; how organisms are related through evolution

list 3 viruses that can cause a latent infection

herpes, varicellovirus/shingles, epstein-barr virus (EBV)

list 1 virus that can cause a persistent infection

HIV, hepatitis