S&C - 5 - Political Landscape B

Peasant revolts - to ming

• Red eyebrows - Han

• Yellow Turbans - Han

• Five Pecks of Grain Movement - Han

• Uprising of Huang Chao - Tang

• Red Turbans - Yuan, Ming

Secret societies

These were mostly daoist/buddhist

• White Lotus - Song onwards

• Triads - Ming onwards

• Society of elder brothers - Qing onwards

Peasant revolts since 1850

These were no longer hunger revolts, more revolts inspired by western philosophy for an alternate politica system

• Taiping → 1850 - 1864

• One Hundred days movement → 1898

  • Kang youwei - constitutional monarchy

  • Liang Qichao

  • Tan sitong

Western understanding of revolution

• the habitual occurrence of violence

• relatively short period of the actual event

• the fundamental changes (economix, political, social,..) as a result of revolution

• mobilization of broader parts of the pop

The Fall of the Qing

• Internal struggles were as important as Western influence

  • The geographical distribution of the West was limited

  • per capita was way less invested than compared to other (semi)colonized nations

  • Changes in china itself:

    • Not enough food production for growing pop

    • negative trade balance

    • huge spending on expanding Gentry/士

    • Unions established

    • Political parties

Chinese Communist Party — 中国共产党, CCP

• 1921

• Shanghai

China Democratic League

• 1941

• Significance: intellectuals/education/culture types; gives the regime a “non-CCP intellectual participation” look.

• 56/2977 seats NPC

• 9/175 SCNPC

• 348.000 members

China National Democratic Construction Association

• business/economic elites; helps connect entrepreneurs and economic policy circles to the United Front.

• 1945

• 44/2977 seats NPC

• 4/175 SCNPC

• 220.000 members

Revolutionary Committee of the KMT 中国国民党革命委员会

• Significance: leftist, pro-CCP breakaway from the KMT; useful symbolically because it lets the PRC claim “even some KMT people joined us.”

• 1948

• de facto led by the widow of Sun Yat-sen,
  Song Qingling, until her death in 1981

• 41/2977 seats NPC

• 6/175 SCNPC

• 158.000 members

KMT / Chinese Nationalist Party 中国国民党 — Zhongguo Guomindang

• Significance: founded from Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary movement; ruled Republican China; main rival of the CCP; fled to Taiwan after 1949; still major party in Taiwan.

• 1912

  • 1928 party state after beiyang

China Association for Promoting Democracy 中国民主促进会

• Significance: education, science, culture, publishing; basically teachers/intellectuals under party-approved politics.

• 1945

• 54/2977 seats NPC

• 7/175 SCNPC

• 192.000 members

Chinese Peasants’ and Workers’ Democratic Party 中国农工民主党

• Significance: originally leftist/social reform vibes; today often linked with medical, health, science, and professional sectors.

• 1930

• 60/2977 seats NPC

• 5/175 SCNPC

• 192.000 members

Public Interest Party of China / Zhi Gong Party 中国致公党

• Significance: overseas Chinese links; useful for diaspora/foreign Chinese networks. established in US by anti KMT

• 1925

• 39/2977 seats NPC

• 3/175 SCNPC

• 69.000 members

Jiusan Society / Society of the Third September 九三学会

• Significance: scientists, technology, education; founded around anti-Japanese war victory / anti-fascist symbolism.

• 1944

  • officially in 1946

• 56/2977 seats NPC

• 5/175 SCNPC

• 204.000 members

Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League 台湾民主自治同盟

• Significance: Taiwan-symbolism party; originally linked to survivors/refugees after the 1947 KMT crackdown in Taiwan, now mainly a United Front tool for Taiwan-related legitimacy.

• 1948

• 14/2977 seats NPC

• 4/175 SCNPC

• 3.400 members

Beiyang Regime

• Yuan Shikai first pres 1912

  • Emperor abdicated 12th of february 1912

    • Sun Yatsen was president untill Yuan Shikai was made

  • Died in 1916

• Bro did not want to have democracy

  • Wanted a “grand president”

    • No support

      • made himself emperor

        • Again no support

          • Outlawed KMT who had 43% of seats

          • government filled with autocrats

• from 1916 to 1926

  • 6 different presidents

  • 25 different governments

• 1924 diminished foreign aid

• defeat in march 1927 against Chiang Kaishek and CCP front

  • Sun Yatsen died in 1925

First unified Front

• CCP and KMT

• Pushed by Comintern

• Ended with slaughtering of CCP in Shanghai in 1927

  • White terror

  • break with the the left wing of KMT

    • Wang jingwei

      • collaborator later in WW2

KMT regime

• Capital Nanjing

• Gov with 5 Yuan - sun yat-sen idea

  • Legislative Yuan → western concept

    • approve and revise laws

  • Executive Yuan → western concept

    • Issue laws

      • 11 ministeries

      • 4 commissions

  • Juridical Yuan → western concept

    • control implementation of the laws and interpret constitution

  • Control Yuan → new thing

    • Supervise finances and personnel

  • Examination Yuan → new thing

    • Recruiting personnel for administration

The reality was that the legeslatie yuan was still filled with military and that relations were still very important

Creation of modern state has three elements KMT

• Optimize military expense to balance national security and peaceful coexistence with other states

• Creating a functional administration, not based on relations, ensure stable revenue

• efficient juridical apparatus and rules of good governance that are in service of the needs of society

New Life Movement

• early 1930’s

• started by chiang kaishek

• reintroduction of confucian values

• but pushes more people towards CCP in search of progress

Nanjing regime

• Succesfully improved many things

  • education

  • agriculture

  • communication

  • healthcare

• But unable to form proper state

  • almost no support deep in villages

  • ineffective taxation

  • 50% of budget went to military

  • huge inflation by 1948

Manzhuoguo

• 1931

• KMT didnt give a f*ck because support was weak either way.

  • even more support to CCP

Autonomous regions (zizhiqu 自治区)

1. Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu – Yinchuan

2. Nei Menggu Zizhiqu – Hohhot (Huhehaote)

3. Xinjiang Weiwu’erzu Zizhiqu – Ürümqi (Wulumuqi)

4. Xizang Zizhiqu – Llasa

5. Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu - Nanning

Municipalities (directly administered cities) (zhixia shi 直辖市)

1. Beijing

2. Tianjin

3. Chongqing

4. Shanghai

Special administrative regions (tebie xingzheng qu 特别行政区)

1. Hong Kong (1997)

2. Aomen (Macao) (1999)

3. (proposed) Taiwan

The Chinese State

• Central level

  • CCP

  • NPC

  • State Council

  • Supreme People’s Court and Procurancy

• Provincial, Municipal, Autonomous Region Levels

  • 22 Provinces

  • Hong Kong & Macau

  • 5 Autonomous Regions

  • 4 Municipalities

  • 300+ prefectures

• County level

  • 2500+ counties

• The village/Township Level

Administrative units

Province 22 → Region → Country → City/village

Autonomous Region 5 → Autonomous Prefecture → Autonomous County → Rural Village

Municipality 4 → City District

Special Administrative Region

History of region

• First in 1949 was 6 large regions

• by 1955 these regions were abolished

• now 22 provinces

Politburo background

• 1977 - 57% military background

• 1992 - 10%

• 2012 - two out of the 25 members had experience

During times the ideologic legitimacy changed

Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference

• Zhengxie/CPPCC

• Double ten agreements:

  • 1945

  • CCP admits that KMT is legit government

  • KMT admits that CCP is opposition

• made to be against KMT and unde Double Ten Agreement

• De Facto constitutional board untill 1954

• ceased during Cult Rev

  • Brought back after

• Annually

• advisory board that includes

  • CCP

  • the other 8 parties

  • even celebrities

Organisation of CCP

• General Secretary

• Politburo Standing committee - 9

• Politburo - 25

  • Central Commission for Discipline Inspection - 127

  • Central Military Commission - 11

  • Central Committee - 371 - 204 Full Members

    • National Party Congress - 2270

      • 2123 elected delegates

      • 57 invited delegates

    • Oversees publications

    • lots of commissions

leadership works with “leading groups” to tackle specific problems in economy or housing etc etc

layers organizations

• Standing Committee Politburo

  • Politburo

    • Central committee

      • Central Advisory Board

      • Central Commission for Discipline

      • National Party Congress → elects CC

    • Provincial Committee → has standing committee

      • Provincial Advisory Board

      • Provincia Commission for Discipline

      • Provincial Party Congress → elects PC

    • County Committee → has standing committee

      • County Advisory Board

      • County Commission for Discipline

      • County Party Congress → elects CC

    • Committee

      • Primary Level Party Congress → Elects Committee

Current Standing Committee of the Politburo

• Xi Jinping

  • General Secretary, President, CMC Chairman

• Li Qiang

  • Premier

  • Runs government/economy

    • But under Xi

• Zhao Leji

  • Chairman of NpC Standing Committee

  • Head of Legislature

• Wang Huning

  • Chairman of CPPCC

  • Narrative guy, nationalism and shiii

• Cai Qi

  • Party secretariat

    • Handles party machinery inside

  • Very close ally to Xi

• Ding Xuexiang

  • Vice Premier

  • admin/economic coordination

• Li Xi

  • Secretary of the CCDI

Central Advisory Commission

• 1982

• Advisory Body to the Party at any level

• Party Elders

  • Retired

• Not that influencial compared to Politburo

Chairman CMC

• Deng Xiaoping 1982 - 1989

• Jiang Zemin 1989 - 2004

• Hu Jintao 2004 - 2012

• Xi Jinping 2012 - …

Chairman/secretary

1982 changed to secretary

• Mao Zedong 1942 - 1976

• Hua Guofeng 1976 - 1981

• Hu Yaobang 1981 - 1982

• Hu Yaobang 1982 - 1987 Secretary

• Zhao Ziyang 1987 - 1989

• Jiang Zemin 1989 - 2003

• Hu Jintao 2003 - 2012

• Xi Jinping 2012 - …

Important organs CCP

• CMC

• CCDI Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

• CAC Central Advisory Commission

Democracy Party of China

• 1998

• Tolerated for short time. only new party to not be banned instantly

• now in New York

  • Increasingly right wing

New parties

• Often pro democratic or back to Mao attempts

• banned very quickly

Separatist parties

• Turkestan Islamic Party

  • Xinjiang

  • Considered terrorists by China, EU, UN

• National Democratic Party of TIbet

  • Tibet

  • Dalai Lama support

  • Participates in a Tibetan parliament in exile in India

State Council

• State Councils/standing committee

  • Prime Minister - Li Qiang

  • Vice Prime Ministers - 4

  • State Councils - 5/3

    • Ministers put here as focus points in this period.

• Ministers - 21

• State Commissions - 3

  • National Development and Reform Commission

  • National Ethnic Affairs Commission

  • National Health Commission

• People’s Bank of China

  • Governor of the PBC

• National Audit Bureau

  • Auditor General

NpC

• Legislative

  • approving* and amending laws

• Elects president and Vice President

• approving state budgets

• declaring state of war

• Elects* CMC chairman

• Elects state council

  • Lead by premier